Social support and the positive feedback bias to minorities

Background. The aim of this research was to examine differences between athletes’ perception of coaching behaviors in individual and team sports. Methods. College athletes (N = 100) participated in the study. Three questionnaires were administered to the athletes: Demographic questionnaire, Leadership Scale for Sports and Negative Coaching Behavior Questionnaire. Results. The results of this study revealed the significant differences among athletes’ perception of coaching behaviors in individual and team sports. Individual athletes in this study gave higher ratings to training and instruction, social support and positive feedback leader behavior from their coaches. Also, athletes from individual sports had smaller scores on two dimensions and total score of negative coaching behavior questionnaire. Conclusion. Those findings suggest that the behavior of the coach directed towards improving the performance of athletes` was higher evaluated from athletes in individual sports. Further studies should provide more information about coaches’ behavior during the competitive.

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Leadership and Satisfaction in Athletics

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.17.3.276 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 276-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Harold A. Riemer ◽

Packianathan Chelladurai

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

The Other ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Multidimensional Model ◽

Other Hand ◽

Perceived Leadership ◽

Determinants Of Satisfaction ◽

Member Satisfaction

This study investigated (a) the differences between the offensive and defensive personnel of football teams in preferred leadership, perceived leadership, and satisfaction with leadership, and (b) the relationships among preferred and perceived leadership, their congruence, and satisfaction with leadership. The study employed hierarchical regression procedures to test the congruence hypothesis derived from the multidimensional model of leadership. The results showed that defensive players preferred and perceived greater amounts of democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, and social support than did offensive players. Also, the congruence of preferred and perceived leadership in the dimension of social support was critical to enhancing member satisfaction. On the other hand, perceived leadership (i.e., the actual behaviors) in training and instruction as well as positive feedback were stronger determinants of satisfaction with leadership than either the preferred leadership or the congruence of preferred and perceived leadership in these dimensions.

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The Relationships between Coaches’ Leadership Styles, Competitive State Anxiety, and Golf Performance in Korean Junior Golfers

Sport Science Review ◽

10.1515/ssr-2015-0024 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (5-6) ◽

pp. 371-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chul-Ho Bum ◽

Stephen H. Shin

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Leadership Styles ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Leadership Behavior ◽

Psychological State ◽

Multidimensional Model ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Cognitive Anxiety ◽

Coaching Training

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether Korean junior golf coaches’ leadership styles affect athletes’ competitive state anxiety before a game as well as their performance. In the Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MML), Chelladurai and Saleh (1980) identified five aspects of leadership behavior in coaching: training/instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback. A survey was conducted with junior golfers participating in the 23rd Korean National Middle and High School Championship. Data from 216 questionnaires were used in the analysis. Multiple regression analyses were run on the data, revealing the following results. First, training/instruction and social support of coaches decreased cognitive anxiety before the game, whereas autocratic behavior increased it. Second, training/instruction and positive feedback of coaches increased self-confidence before the game. Third, training/instruction of coaches increased golf performance, whereas autocratic behavior decreased it. Finally, cognitive anxiety of golf athletes was found to reduce golf performance, whereas self-confidence increased it. Consequently, this study may deliver sport administrators and parents with understanding of how coaches’ leadership styles could influence on junior golfers’ psychological state and golf performance.

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Peculiarities of coach's leadership qualities through the eyes of basketball players

Pedagogy and psychology: development prospects ◽

10.21661/r-554185 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ramualdas Kazemirovich Malinauskas ◽

Sharunas Aiauskas

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

Leadership Qualities ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Positive Assessment

The aim of the research is to study the peculiarities of a coach's leadership qualities through the eyes of young and adult basketball players. To achieve this goal, Leadership scale in sports developed by Chelladurai was used as a methodological instrument. It turned out that juniors evaluated the coach's behaviour more positive than adult basketball players did. For junior basketball players a more positive assessment of such coach's leadership qualities is characteristic: training and instruction, social support and positive feedback.

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Dimensions of Leader Behavior in Sports: Development of a Leadership Scale

Journal of Sport Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsp.2.1.34 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 34-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 203

Author(s):

P. Chelladurai ◽

S. D. Saleh

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

Content Validity ◽

Relative Stability ◽

Factorial Validity ◽

Factor Solution ◽

Coaching Behavior ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Reliability Coefficients

Three different samples (total N = 485) participated in the development and refinement of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS). A five-factor solution with 40 items describing the most salient dimensions of coaching behavior was selected as the most meaningful. These factors were named Training and Instruction, Democratic Behavior, Autocratic Behavior, Social Support, and Positive Feedback. Internal consistency estimates ranged from .45 to .93 and the test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .71 to .82. The relative stability of the factor structure across the different samples confirmed the factorial validity of the scale. The interpretation of the factors established the content validity of the scale. Finally, possible uses of the LSS were pointed out.

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Psychometric Properties of the Coach's Version of Leadership Scale for Sports

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.795 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 795-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John J. M. Dwyer ◽

Donald G. Fischer

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Social Desirability ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

Factorial Validity ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

The Relationship

Data from 38 wrestling coaches were used to examine the psychometric properties of Chelladurai and Saleh's Leadership Scale for Sports. Internal consistencies for three of the five subscales (training and instruction, democratic behavior, and positive feedback) were quite acceptable; for one subscale (social support) it was marginal; and for one subscale (autocratic behavior) it was unacceptably low. Further research examining test-retest reliability, factorial validity, and the relationship between the scale and social desirability is recommended.

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Coaching Leadership Preferences: Insight from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III Athlete

Journal of Coaching Education ◽

10.1123/jce.4.2.73 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 73-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kelly S. Witte

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Team Sports ◽

Team Sport ◽

Division Iii ◽

Leadership Preferences ◽

Task Dependence ◽

Coaching Leadership ◽

Individual Sports

The purpose of this study was to identify and compare coaching leadership preferences of 1,859 varsity student-athletes participating at the Division III level in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The athletes attended one of fourteen colleges and universities located in the Midwest. Teams were selected according to task dependence and the existence of both male and female squads. Three independent (individual) sports and three interdependent (team) sports were selected: men’s and women’s basketball, men’s and women’s soccer, men’s baseball and women’s softball, men’s and women’s swimming, men’s and women’s tennis, and men’s and women’s track & field. The Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (Zhang, Jensen, & Mann, 1997) was used to assess participants’ leadership preferences on the dimensions of training and instruction behavior, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support behavior, positive feedback behavior, and situational consideration behavior. Females had a higher preference for positive feedback and situational consideration, whereas males expressed stronger preferences for social support and autocratic behavior. Individual sport athletes demonstrated a higher preference for democratic behavior, positive feedback, training and instruction, situational consideration, and social support than did team sport athletes and team sport athletes preferred autocratic behavior more than athletes participating in individual sports. The gender by task dependence interaction was not significant. These results suggest that differences in athletes and particular sports teams may facilitate specific leadership behaviors

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Influence of the Coach’s Method and Leadership Profile on the Positive Development of Young Players in Team Sports

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine ◽

10.52082/jssm.2021.9 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 9-16

Author(s):

Luis Rogério de Albuquerque ◽

Eduardo Mendonça Scheeren ◽

Gislaine Cristina Vagetti ◽

Valdomiro de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Public Schools ◽

Social Skills ◽

Young People ◽

Goal Setting ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Team Sports ◽

Positive Development ◽

After School

In a time of instability caused by adolescence, sport may represent a resource to prevent future individual and social problems. Within the complex relationships developed in social sports contexts, the figure of the coach can be fundamental for the development of a beneficial environment. The objective of the research was to investigate the relationship between the teaching methods and leadership profile of the coach and outcomes on the perception of positive development of young people participating in an after school sports program. In total participated, 910 adolescents (14.0 ± 1.8 years) and 57 coaches (45.57 ± 7.25 years) in 37 public schools in the city of Curitiba, in the state of Paraná-Brazil. Ordinal logistic regression was used to verify the independent associations between the variables sex, category, sport, trainer methodology, perception of the coaches, and perception of the athletes with the tertiles of the scores of each developmental characteristic of the young athletes (personal and social skills, cognitive skills, goal setting, and initiative). Odds ratios (OR) were obtained with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI), adopting p < 0.05. The small sized games method were positively associated with cognitive skills and goal setting. Positive associations were also found between athletes’ perceptions of the leadership profile of coaches with: personal and social skills (instructor, democratic behaviour, social support, and positive feedback), cognitive skills (instructor, democratic behaviour, and social support), goal setting (instructor, social support, and positive feedback), and initiative (instructor and positive feedback). In addition, the athletes’ perception of the coaches’ autocratic behaviour was inversely associated with personal and social skills and goal setting. For the evaluated program, the results suggest the choice, on the part of the coaches, of small sized games, combined with a democratic, affective, motivating leadership profile that provides instructions on technical skills and game strategies. The combination of the designated psych-pedagogical aspects is correlated to the positive development of young people through team sports.

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