Majority of Undergrads and Grad Students Are Women, Census Bureau Reports

2006 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Census Bureau

scholarly journals Tax Progressivity of Personal Wages and Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Papanikolaou
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Kakwani Index ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Wage Income

The paper examines tax progressivity and income inequality using Census Bureau Current Population Survey (CPS) personal income data. The Kakwani index is used to derive tax progressivity for All, Male, Female, White and African American personal wage income of CPS respondents, respectively. The tax progressivity results show a tax system that is partly progressive and mostly regressive. Due to its regressive nature, the tax system did not display tax progressivity for the entire period under analysis for personal wage income respondents as well as when broken-down by race and gender in the United States for years 1996 to 2011.

scholarly journals Modeling Epidemic Spread among a Commuting Population Using Transport Schemes

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 1861
Author(s):  
Daniela Calvetti ◽  
Alexander P. Hoover ◽  
Johnie Rose ◽  
Erkki Somersalo
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Transport Theory ◽  
Optimal Transport ◽  
State Level ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Metapopulation Model ◽  
Infection Dynamics

Understanding the dynamics of the spread of COVID-19 between connected communities is fundamental in planning appropriate mitigation measures. To that end, we propose and analyze a novel metapopulation network model, particularly suitable for modeling commuter traffic patterns, that takes into account the connectivity between a heterogeneous set of communities, each with its own infection dynamics. In the novel metapopulation model that we propose here, transport schemes developed in optimal transport theory provide an efficient and easily implementable way of describing the temporary population redistribution due to traffic, such as the daily commuter traffic between work and residence. Locally, infection dynamics in individual communities are described in terms of a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) compartment model, modified to account for the specific features of COVID-19, most notably its spread by asymptomatic and presymptomatic infected individuals. The mathematical foundation of our metapopulation network model is akin to a transport scheme between two population distributions, namely the residential distribution and the workplace distribution, whose interface can be inferred from commuter mobility data made available by the US Census Bureau. We use the proposed metapopulation model to test the dynamics of the spread of COVID-19 on two networks, a smaller one comprising 7 counties in the Greater Cleveland area in Ohio, and a larger one consisting of 74 counties in the Pittsburgh–Cleveland–Detroit corridor following the Lake Erie’s American coastline. The model simulations indicate that densely populated regions effectively act as amplifiers of the infection for the surrounding, less densely populated areas, in agreement with the pattern of infections observed in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Computed examples show that the model can be used also to test different mitigation strategies, including one based on state-level travel restrictions, another on county level triggered social distancing, as well as a combination of the two.

scholarly journals The Science of Ageism: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 646-646
Author(s):  
Jerin Lee ◽  
Natalie Shook
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Pains ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
One Step ◽  
Prejudicial Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The past two decades have been marked by a rapidly aging population in the U.S. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2018), making prejudicial attitudes toward older adults (i.e., ageism) and the impact of such attitudes more relevant. As such, ageism researchers have worked tirelessly to not only understand this normalized and insidious form of bias, but also develop efforts to combat it. This symposium will feature four ageism researchers who will showcase both the growing pains and novel contributions of ageism research, ranging from the impact of ageism on psychological health to ageism interventions to issues related to the measurement of ageism. Specifically, Dr. Ayalon will present findings regarding difficulties with the assessment of exposure to ageism and the consequences of ageism for psychological well-being. Dr. Horhota will share research demonstrating challenges associated with confronting ageism. Dr. Levy will present a model showcasing factors associated with the reduction of ageism. Ms. Lee will discuss research findings examining the construct validity of several ageism measures. These talks highlight theoretical and real-world implications associated with the complex nature of ageism, providing important directions for enriching ageism research going forward.

ID: 89: RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND SPATIAL CLUSTERING OF COLONOSCOPY RESOURCES WITHIN THE CITY OF CHICAGO

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 936.2-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Naylor ◽  
O Kassim ◽  
K Kim
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Geospatial Analysis ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
South Side ◽  
White Race ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Population Demographic ◽  
The City ◽  
Hispanic White

BackgroundIn Illinois for the year 2015, colorectal cancer (CRC) is projected to cause 2,090 deaths, making it the leading cause of non-tobacco related cancer mortality. African American or black Illinois residents have an approximately 7% greater incidence and a 30% higher mortality rate when compared to white residents. Guideline consistent CRC screening is known to increase early diagnosis and reduce cancer related death. Colonoscopy is the most commonly performed screening modality and diagnostic colonoscopy is required for follow up of abnormal non-invasive screening tests.The City of Chicago is home to 2.7 million residents, of whom 31% are non-Hispanic white and 37% are non-Hispanic black. Chicago is known to have significant residential racial segregation with 69% of the total non-Hispanic black population living within communities located south of Roosevelt Avenue, on Chicago's south side. Relatively homogenous minority communities, such as Chicago's south side, are prone to the development of healthcare inequities that may result in the development of healthcare disparities.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to use geographic information systems and geospatial analysis to investigate the spatial distribution of healthcare facilities that perform colonoscopy within the City of Chicago.MethodsPopulation demographic data by census block was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. The locations of facilities performing colonoscopy procedures were identified through internet search; review of Illinois Department of Public Health hospital listings; and ambulatory surgery center (ASC) accreditation listings. Each facility was contacted by phone to confirm performance of on-site colonoscopy and to obtain the number of on-site endoscopy procedure rooms. The addresses of facilities were geocoded using GPS Visualizer. City of Chicago census tract boundaries were mapped using U.S. Census Bureau Tiger Line shapefiles. Maps were created and geospatial analysis was performed using Esri ArcMap version 10.2.ResultsWithin the City of Chicago, a total of 41 facilities were identified that perform on-site colonoscopy. Of the 41 facilities, 26 were hospital-based and 15 were ASC-based. 10 of 26 (38%) Hospital-based colonoscopy sites and 3 of 15 (20%) ASC-based colonoscopy sites were located on Chicago's south side. There were a total of 134 endoscopy procedure rooms reported across the 41 facilities. 30 of the 134 (22%) endoscopy procedure rooms were located on Chicago's south side. Spatial overlap was observed between areas with clustering of endoscopy procedure rooms and census tracts with greater than 80% non-Hispanic white race.ConclusionsThere is an unequal distribution of colonoscopy facilities and endoscopy procedure rooms across the City of Chicago with geographic clustering of colonoscopy infrastructure observed on Chicago's north side within census tracts comprised of greater than 80% non-Hispanic white race. Census tracts containing high proportions of non-Hispanic black race were clustered on Chicago's south side within areas with a relative paucity of colonoscopy infrastructure. The spatial clustering of colonoscopy procedure rooms represents a healthcare resource inequity that may contribute to the persistence of disparities in CRC related mortality among non-Hispanic black communities in Chicago.

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