Somebody's Watching: Exploring the Influence of Eye-Tracking on Task Performance

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Hinze ◽  
Beth A. Fisher ◽  
Jennifer Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance

The Wandering Eye: An Eye Tracking Approach to Mind Wandering

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Target Location ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
The Mind

Mind wandering, or “daydreaming,” is a shift in the contents of a thought away from a task and/or event in the external environment, to self-generated thoughts and feelings. This research seeks to test the reliability of eye tracking as an objective of measure mind wandering using the Wandering Eye Paradigm, as well as examine the relationships between mind wandering and individual characteristics. Fifty participants will be recruited for two appointments a day apart, on each day on each day completing two eye tracking sessions following a moving target. In this task, participants will be instructed to press the space bar if they feel they are mind wandering, and then answer three questions about their episode content. Questionnaires measuring mind wandering, procrastination, mindfulness, creativity and personality (in particular conscientiousness) will be completed between eye tracking sessions. By comparing the eye tracking data in the period prior to the spacebar press we can determine quantifiable indicators of the onset and duration of mind wandering episodes by analyzing gaze location in relation to the target location. It has been hypothesized that severity of task performance failures (losing track of the target) should correlate with the “depth” of the mind wandering episode content. Additionally, we expect the frequency of mind wandering episodes to correlate with individual characteristics, and that these measures will be consistent across trials. This research would provide a novel objective way to identify and measure mind wandering, and would help further advance the understanding of its behavioral and subjective dimensions.

scholarly journals Eye-Tracking as a Tool to Evaluate Functional Ability in Everyday Tasks in Glaucoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enkelejda Kasneci ◽  
Alex A. Black ◽  
Joanne M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analytical Approaches

To date, few studies have investigated the eye movement patterns of individuals with glaucoma while they undertake everyday tasks in real-world settings. While some of these studies have reported possible compensatory gaze patterns in those with glaucoma who demonstrated good task performance despite their visual field loss, little is known about the complex interaction between field loss and visual scanning strategies and the impact on task performance and, consequently, on quality of life. We review existing approaches that have quantified the effect of glaucomatous visual field defects on the ability to undertake everyday activities through the use of eye movement analysis. Furthermore, we discuss current developments in eye-tracking technology and the potential for combining eye-tracking with virtual reality and advanced analytical approaches. Recent technological developments suggest that systems based on eye-tracking have the potential to assist individuals with glaucomatous loss to maintain or even improve their performance on everyday tasks and hence enhance their long-term quality of life. We discuss novel approaches for studying the visual search behavior of individuals with glaucoma that have the potential to assist individuals with glaucoma, through the use of personalized programs that take into consideration the individual characteristics of their remaining visual field and visual search behavior.

scholarly journals Anesthesia providers' visual attention in simulated anesthesia emergencies using conventional number-based and avatar-based patient monitoring: a prospective, eye-tracking study. (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arsène Ljubenovic ◽  
Sadiq Said ◽  
Julia Braun ◽  
Bastian Grande ◽  
Michaela Kolbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Patient Monitoring ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Patient Monitor ◽  
Anesthesia Providers ◽  
Significant Difference

BACKGROUND Inadequate situational awareness accounts for two-thirds of preventable complications in anesthesia. An essential tool for situational awareness in the perioperative setting is the patient monitor. However, the conventional monitor has several weaknesses. Avatar-based patient monitoring may address these shortcomings and promote situation awareness, a prerequisite for good decision making. OBJECTIVE The spatial distribution of visual attention is a fundamental process for achieving adequate situation awareness and thus a potential quantifiable surrogate for situation awareness. Moreover, measuring visual attention with a head-mounted eye-tracker may provide insights into usage and acceptance of the new avatar-based patient monitoring modality. METHODS This prospective eye-tracking study compared anesthesia providers' visual attention on conventional and avatar-based patient monitors during simulated critical anesthesia events. We defined visual attention, measured as fixation count and dwell time, as our primary outcome. We correlated visual attention with the potential confounders: performance in managing simulated critical anesthesia events (task performance), work experience, and profession. We used mixed linear models to analyze the results. RESULTS Fifty-two teams performed 156 simulations. After a manual quality check of the eye-tracking footage, we excluded 57 simulations due to technical problems and quality issues. Participants had a median of 198 (IQR 92.5 – 317.5) fixations on the patient monitor with a median dwell time of 30.2 (IQR 14.9 – 51.3) seconds. We found no significant difference in participants' visual attention when using avatar-based patient monitoring or conventional patient monitoring. However, we found that with each percentage point of better task performance, the number of fixations decreased by about 1.39 (coefficient -1.39; 95%CI: -2.44 to -0.34; P=0.02), and the dwell time diminished by 0.23 seconds (coefficient -0.23; 95%CI: -0.4 to -0.06; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Using eye-tracking, we found no significant difference in visual attention when anesthesia providers used avatar-based monitoring or conventional patient monitoring in simulated critical anesthesia events. However, we identified visual attention in conjunction with task performance as a surrogate for situational awareness. CLINICALTRIAL Business Management System for Ethics Committees Number Req-2020-00059

scholarly journals Through (Tracking) Their Eyes: Abstraction and Complexity in Program Comprehension

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Philipp Kather ◽  
Rodrigo Duran ◽  
Jan Vahrenhold
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Program Comprehension ◽  
Program Execution ◽  
Element Interactivity ◽  
Advanced Students ◽  
Short Piece ◽  
Reading Patterns

Previous studies on writing and understanding programs presented evidence that programmers beyond a novice stage utilize plans or plan-like structures. Other studies on code composition showed that learners have difficulties with writing, reading, and debugging code where interacting plans are merged into a short piece of code. In this article, we focus on the question of how different code-composition strategies and the familiarity with code affect program comprehension on a more abstract, i.e., algorithmic level. Using an eye-tracking setup, we explored how advanced students comprehend programs and their underlying algorithms written in either a merged or abutted (sequenced) composition of code blocks of varying familiarity. The effects of familiarity and code composition were studied both isolated and in combination. Our analysis of the quantitative data adds to our understanding of the behavior reported in previous studies and the effects of plans and their composition on the programs’ difficulty. Using this data along with retrospective interviews, we analyze students’ reading patterns and provide support that subjects were able to form mental models of program execution during task performance. Furthermore, our results suggest that subjects are able to retrieve and create schemata when the program is composed of familiar templates, which may improve their performance; we found indicators for a higher element-interactivity for programs with a merged code composition compared to abutted code composition.

scholarly journals Multimodal Study of the Effects of Varying Task Load Utilizing EEG, GSR and Eye-Tracking

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannis Born ◽  
Babu Ram Naidu Ramachandran ◽  
Sandra Alejandra Romero Pinto ◽  
Stefan Winkler ◽  
Rama Ratnam
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Postal Code ◽  
Subjective Data ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Participant Response

AbstractObjectiveThe effect of task load on performance is investigated by simultaneously collecting multi-modal physiological data and participant response data. Periodic response to a questionnaire is also obtained. The goal is to determine combinations of modalities that best serve as predictors of task performance.ApproachA group of participants performed a computer-based visual search task mimicking postal code sorting. A five-digit number had to be assigned to one of six different non-overlapping numeric ranges. Trials were presented in blocks of progressively increasing task difficulty. The participants’ responses were collected simultaneously with 32 channels of electroencephalography (EEG) data, eye-tracking data, and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) data. The NASA Task-Load-Index self-reporting instrument was administered at discrete time points in the experiment.Main resultsLow beta frequency EEG waves (12.5-18 Hz) were more prominent as cognitive task load increased, with most activity in frontal and parietal regions. These were accompanied by more frequent eye blinks and increased pupillary dilation. Blink duration correlated strongly with task performance. Phasic components of the GSR signal were related to cognitive workload, whereas tonic components indicated a more general state of arousal. Subjective data (NASA TLX) as reported by the participants showed an increase in frustration and mental workload. Based on one-way ANOVA, EEG and GSR provided the most reliable correlation to perceived workload level and were the most informative measures (taken together) for performance prediction.SignificanceNumerous modalities come into play during task-related activity. Many of these modalities can provide information on task performance when appropriately grouped. This study suggests that while EEG is a good predictor of task performance, additional modalities such as GSR increase the likelihood of more accurate predictions. Further, in controlled laboratory conditions, the most informative or minimum number of modalities can be isolated for monitoring in real work environments.

scholarly journals Collaborative Use of a Shared System Interface: The Role of User Gaze—Gaze Convergence Index Based on Synchronous Dual-Eyetracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armel Quentin Tchanou ◽  
Pierre-Majorique Léger ◽  
Jared Boasen ◽  
Sylvain Senecal ◽  
Jad Adam Taher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
System Interfaces

Gaze convergence of multiuser eye movements during simultaneous collaborative use of a shared system interface has been proposed as an important albeit sparsely explored construct in human-computer interaction literature. Here, we propose a novel index for measuring the gaze convergence of user dyads and address its validity through two consecutive eye-tracking studies. Eye-tracking data of user dyads were synchronously recorded while they simultaneously performed tasks on shared system interfaces. Results indicate the validity of the proposed gaze convergence index for measuring the gaze convergence of dyads. Moreover, as expected, our gaze convergence index was positively associated with dyad task performance and negatively associated with dyad cognitive load. These results suggest the utility of (theoretical or practical) applications such as synchronized gaze convergence displays in diverse settings. Further research perspectives, particularly into the construct’s nomological network, are warranted.

Coding and Visualizing Eye Tracking Data in Simulated Anesthesia Care

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 765-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Segall ◽  
Jeffrey M. Taekman ◽  
Jonathan B. Mark ◽  
Gene Hobbs ◽  
Melanie C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Video Coding ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Anesthesia Care ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Human Factors Research

Eye tracking can be a valuable tool for collecting data about perception and attention in task performance, but its use in human factors research has been limited. This may be due to the fact that the coding and visualization of eye tracking data can be difficult and time-consuming. In this paper we introduce a video-coding application for coding and analyzing eye tracking data. We discuss various methods for visualizing these data for the purposes of identifying patterns or trends that can then be more formally analyzed. We also present several visualization examples from the simulated anesthesia care environment.

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