Color Naming of Non-Color Word Stroop Task as a Dual-Task

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Reynolds ◽  
Claudio Mulatti ◽  
Francesca Peressotti ◽  
Remo Job ◽  
Roberto Dell'Acqua
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Naming

scholarly journals Neural Dynamics of Conflict Control in Working Memory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Khoi D. Vo ◽  
Audrey Siqi-Liu ◽  
Alondra Chaire ◽  
Sophia Li ◽  
Elise Demeter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Shared Representations ◽  
Color Representation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
External Stimuli

Abstract Attention and working memory (WM) have classically been considered as two separate cognitive functions, but more recent theories have conceptualized them as operating on shared representations and being distinguished primarily by whether attention is directed internally (WM) or externally (attention, traditionally defined). Supporting this idea, a recent behavioral study documented a “WM Stroop effect,” showing that maintaining a color word in WM impacts perceptual color-naming performance to the same degree as presenting the color word externally in the classic Stroop task. Here, we employed ERPs to examine the neural processes underlying this WM Stroop task compared to those in the classic Stroop and in a WM-control task. Based on the assumption that holding a color word in WM would (pre-)activate the same color representation as by externally presenting that color word, we hypothesized that the neural cascade of conflict–control processes would occur more rapidly in the WM Stroop than in the classic Stroop task. Our behavioral results replicated equivalent interference behavioral effects for the WM and classic Stroop tasks. Importantly, however, the ERP signatures of conflict detection and resolution displayed substantially shorter latencies in the WM Stroop task. Moreover, delay-period conflict in the WM Stroop task, but not in the WM control task, impacted the ERP and performance measures for the WM probe stimuli. Together, these findings provide new insights into how the brain processes conflict between internal representations and external stimuli, and they support the view of shared representations between internally held WM content and attentional processing of external stimuli.

Color Priming Affects Stroop Interference

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucinda McClain
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Stroop Interference ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
Discrete Trials ◽  
Color Priming

The effect of prior word and/or color activation on subsequent color naming was examined in a discrete-trials Stroop task. Both word and color primes increased color-word interference, and the magnitude of the priming effect increased as the number of priming dimensions increased. The maximal interference usually produced by incongruent Stroop stimuli was reduced when such stimuli were preceded by primes which activated both word and color dimensions. The results were discussed in terms of models which attribute color-word interference to the relative speed of word reading and color naming.

Implicit stereotyping and prejudice and the primed Stroop task

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Kawakami ◽  
Kenneth L. Dion ◽  
John F. Dovidio
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Black Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Prejudice ◽  
Implicit Stereotyping ◽  
Naming Latencies

In the present study, automatic stereotype activation related to racial categories was examined utilizing a primed Stroop task. The speed of participants' ink-color naming of stereotypic and nonstereotypic target words following Black and White category primes were compared: slower naming times are presumed to reflect interference from automatic activation. The results provide support for automatic activation of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. With respect to prejudice, naming latencies tended to be slower for positive words following White than Black primes and slower for negative words following Black than White primes. With regard to stereotypes, participants demonstrated slower naming latencies for Black stereotypes, primarily those that were negatively valenced, following Black than White category primes. These findings provide further evidence of the automatic activation of stereotypes and prejudice that occurs without intention.

Semantic Conflict Processing in the Color-Word Stroop and the Emotional Stroop

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Zurrón ◽  
Marta Ramos-Goicoa ◽  
Fernando Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Incongruent Color ◽  
Semantic Conflict ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Temporal Locus

With the aim of establishing the temporal locus of the semantic conflict in color-word Stroop and emotional Stroop phenomena, we analyzed the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) elicited by nonwords, incongruent and congruent color words, colored words with positive and negative emotional valence, and colored words with neutral valence. The incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral stimuli produced interference in the behavioral response to the color of the stimuli. The P150/N170 amplitude was sensitive to the semantic equivalence of both dimensions of the congruent color words. The P3b amplitude was smaller in response to incongruent color words and to positive, negative, and neutral colored words than in response to the congruent color words and colored nonwords. There were no differences in the ERPs induced in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence. Therefore, the P3b amplitude was sensitive to interference from the semantic content of the incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral words in the color-response task, independently of the emotional content of the colored words. In addition, the P3b amplitude was smaller in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence than in response to the incongruent color words. Overall, these data indicate that the temporal locus of the semantic conflict generated by the incongruent color words (in the color-word Stroop task) and by colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence (in the emotional Stroop task) appears to occur in the range 300–450 ms post-stimulus.

A Unique Asymmetrical Stroop Effect in Absolute Pitch Possessors

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilach Akiva-Kabiri ◽  
Avishai Henik
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
Pitch Processing ◽  
Reverse Pattern

The Stroop task has been employed to study automaticity or failures of selective attention for many years. The effect is known to be asymmetrical, with words affecting color naming but not vice versa. In the current work two auditory-visual Stroop-like tasks were devised in order to study the automaticity of pitch processing in both absolute pitch (AP) possessors and musically trained controls without AP (nAP). In the tone naming task, participants were asked to name the auditory tone while ignoring a visual note name. In the note naming task, participants were asked to read a note name while ignoring the auditory tone. The nAP group showed a significant congruency effect only in the tone naming task, whereas AP possessors showed the reverse pattern, with a significant congruency effect only in the note reading task. Thus, AP possessors were unable to ignore the auditory tone when asked to read the note, but were unaffected by the verbal note name when asked to label the auditory tone. The results suggest that pitch identification in participants endowed with AP ability is automatic and impossible to suppress.

scholarly journals NCOG-10. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COGNITIVE FUNCTION, MOOD, AND FUNCTIONING IN GLIOMA SURVIVORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi160-vi161
Author(s):  
Kathleen Van Dyk ◽  
Brandon F Heimberg ◽  
Justin Choi ◽  
Catalina Raymond ◽  
Chencai Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Tests

Abstract Ensuring optimal quality of life and functioning is a clinical priority in treating glioma survivors. Cognitive function and mood symptoms are prevalent in this population after treatment and it’s reasonable to consider these as significant contributors to patients’ functioning at work and in daily life. However, it’s unclear the degree to which these symptoms contribute to such outcomes. To address this question, we examined the relationships between cognitive tests (i.e., a neuropsychological battery) and mood measures (i.e., the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory) and work and daily functioning (i.e., Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire). Partial correlation of cognitive tests and regression models also included age and IQ (i.e., Test of Premorbid Functioning). Of the 11 participants who were currently working, worse work productivity was significantly associated with worse processing speed (Stroop color naming r=-.74,p=.03, Stroop color word r=-.78,p=.02). Similarly, worse ability in daily activities was also associated with worse processing speed and executive function (Stroop color naming, r=-.52,p=.04; Stroop color word, r=-.55,p=.03; Trails B, r=-.53,p=.03). Greater depression symptoms were strongly correlated with both worse work productivity (r=.83,p=.002), and worse ability in daily activities (r=.55,p=.01). Depression symptoms were generally uncorrelated with cognitive scores. In linear regression models that included both depression symptoms and cognitive scores, only depression emerged as a significant predictor of work productivity and ability to conduct daily activities. In sum, glioma survivors face multiple threats to work and daily functioning by way of tumor and treatment related symptoms. Our analyses suggest that both cognitive function and mood symptoms are important to consider in optimizing functioning, but depression appears to vastly outweigh cognitive function in this regard. These preliminary findings highlight the importance of careful attention to these symptoms in survivorship and point to future research directions elaborating on these relationships.

Microgenetic Patterns of Adaptation on the Stroop Task by Patients with Bronchial Asthma and Duodenal Peptic Ulcer

1990 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Alex Rubino ◽  
Silvia Grasso ◽  
Bianca Pezzarossa
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
Change Scores ◽  
Word Test ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Nonlinear Change

Microgenetic patterns of adaptation on the Stroop task were assessed by means of the Serial Color-Word Test given 21 patients with bronchial asthma and 20 with duodenal peptic ulcer, who were compared with 41 normal controls matched for sex, age, and education. Two measures were calculated on each of the five trials of the test, one of linear change and one of nonlinear change in reading times. As predicted, patients presented more frequently patterns characterized by high nonlinear change and less frequently stabilized patterns (low linear and nonlinear change of reading speed). Linear and nonlinear change were then calculated on the five linear change scores and the five nonlinear change scores; again patients presented more frequently patterns characterized by high nonlinear change on both the linear change scores and nonlinear change scores and less frequently stabilized patterns. These findings indicate strong similarities between the adaptation patterns of patients with ulcer and asthma and the microgenetic patterns previously known to characterize neurotic and psychotic patients. Furthermore, scores on the Serial Color-Word Test also differentiated between ulcer and asthma groups.

Classic Stroop Color Words Produce No Stroop Effect When the Display Characteristics Are Based Upon Emotional Stroop Studies With Subliminal Presentations

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 1207-1225
Author(s):  
Gary D. Fisk ◽  
Steven J. Haase
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Prime Stimulus ◽  
Emotional Stroop Task ◽  
Subliminal Stimulus ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Research Findings

Two forms of the Stroop task have produced contradictory findings regarding unconscious perceptual processing. Emotional Stroop task studies with prime words presented at an objective threshold (i.e., subliminal) produce Stroop-like effects, but comparable studies conducted with classic Stroop stimuli do not produce Stroop effects. We tested the possibility that differences in the display appearance might explain this discrepancy. Color word prime stimuli from the traditional Stroop task were used with display characteristics based upon the emotional Stroop studies. There was a Stroop effect for the relatively long prime stimulus durations (59, 87, or 108 milliseconds) but not for the brief durations (18, 24, or 38 milliseconds). Accordingly, the discrepancy in research findings cannot be attributed to simple differences in display methodology. The failure to find strong evidence of unconscious perceptual processing is consistent with the negative findings from some emotional Stroop studies that use subliminal stimulus presentations.

Display/Control Integrality and Time-Sharing Performance

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela S. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Multiple Resources ◽  
Response Modality ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Display Control

Time-sharing performance was investigated as a function of the display and response integrality of the time-shared tasks. A manual step-tracking task was time-shared with a Stroop task that could be responded to manually or by speech. A secondary task technique was employed to manipulate the resource allocation between the two tasks. Display integrality was manipulated by: (1) contingent processing of the different dimensions of the Stroop task, and (2) the “objectness” of the dual task display. Response integrality was manipulated by the number of responses required of the dual task and the response modality of the Stroop task. A prevalent resource competition effect between the manual responses of the two tasks were observed, supporting the concept of multiple resources. Results were also in concordance with Kahneman's object file model of attention; demonstrating that irrelevant elements within an object were difficult to ignore. The findings demonstrated the interactive effects of resource competition and task integrality on time-sharing performance.

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