Sequential ordering in repeated free recall as a function of the length of the stimulus word list.

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weston A. Bousfield ◽  
Rudolf R. Abramczyk
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Stimulus Word ◽  
Word List

Masculinity-Femininity in the Free Recall of a Categorized Stimulus Word List

1956 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Bousfield ◽  
B. H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Stimulus Word ◽  
Word List

Limitations to the Spacing Effect

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen ◽  
Remy M. J. P. Rikers ◽  
Henk G. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Phase Retrieval ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Word List ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Learning Condition

Abstract. The spacing effect refers to the finding that memory for repeated items improves when the interrepetition interval increases. To explain the spacing effect in free-recall tasks, a two-factor model has been put forward that combines mechanisms of contextual variability and study-phase retrieval (e.g., Raaijmakers, 2003 ; Verkoeijen, Rikers, & Schmidt, 2004 ). An important, yet untested, implication of this model is that free recall of repetitions should follow an inverted u-shaped relationship with interrepetition spacing. To demonstrate the suggested relationship an experiment was conducted. Participants studied a word list, consisting of items repeated at different interrepetition intervals, either under incidental or under intentional learning instructions. Subsequently, participants received a free-recall test. The results revealed an inverted u-shaped relationship between free recall and interrepetition spacing in both the incidental-learning condition and the intentional-learning condition. Moreover, for intentionally learned repetitions, the maximum free-recall performance was located at a longer interrepetition interval than for incidentally learned repetitions. These findings are interpreted in terms of the two-factor model of spacing effects in free-recall tasks.

scholarly journals Effects of semantic relations, repetition of words, and list length in word list recall of Alzheimer's patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (2b) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando F.A. Bueno ◽  
Paulo H.F. Bertolucci ◽  
Maria Gabriela M. Oliveira ◽  
Jacqueline Abrisqueta-Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
List Length ◽  
Word List ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Facilitating Factors ◽  
Word Lists

INTRODUCTION: Semantic relations among words and repetition enhance free recall, but it is unknown if these facilitating factors are effective in dementia. METHOD: Alzheimer's patients (MILD-Alz, MOD-Alz) were compared to healthy elderly. Fifteen-word lists were read out to the subjects. In four sets of lists the words in intermediary input positions were semantically related or not, or the midlist words were repeated, or they were repeated and semantically related. RESULTS: The usual third peak of recall of semantically related words was not observed in MOD-Alz, repetition of words did not increase recall of the patients, and the combination of relatedness and repetition benefited only MID-Alz. In a second experiment, with related or unrelated midlist words, and list length shortened from 15 to 9 words, semantic facilitation was observed in mild and moderate Alzheimer´s patients, although diminished compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Progression of dementia turns facilitating factors of recall less effective.

Variation of Inter-Item Associative Strength and Some Measures of Free Recall

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard R. Pollio ◽  
Edward G. Christy
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Associative Strength ◽  
Stimulus Word ◽  
Monotonic Function ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

Three groups of 20 Ss each were asked for the free recall of three different lists of 28 meaningful English words. Each list contained the associative responses evoked by a different Kent-Rosanoff stimulus word, and differed in the amount of its inter-item associative strength (IIAS). The words in a given list also differed in terms of the number of other words (Nc) in that list producing or cueing that word as an associate. Results showed that the number of items appearing in free recall was a non-monotonic function of IIAS. For two of the three word sets, Nc was positively correlated with the frequency of recall of individual items; while for the third set Nc value and frequency of recall were negatively correlated. The relationship between Nc and order of recall was non-linear, and some tendency toward alternating the recall of high and low Nc words appeared in the data. Thus, IIAS produced both facilitation and interference effects on free recall, the latter being the result of a factor similar to verbal satiation.

Verbal Fluency, Free Recall, and Paired-Associate Learning Speed

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-660
Author(s):  
James G. Greeno
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Word List ◽  
Paired Associate Learning ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Verbal Skills ◽  
Learning Speed ◽  
List Learning ◽  
Positive Correlations

This study investigated the relation between performance in paired-associate learning and other verbal skills (verbal fluency to word and nonsense stimuli, recall of a word list). Ss learned two lists of word-CVC pairs. Significant positive correlations were found between fluency measures and learning of both lists. Recall scores were similarly correlated with second-list, but not first-list, learning.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Dual Level Word List on Schizophrenic Free Recall

1981 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lutz ◽  
T. K. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Word List

scholarly journals Age-Related Deficits in Memory Encoding and Retrieval in Word List Free Recall

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorina Cadar ◽  
Marius Usher ◽  
Eddy J. Davelaar
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Word List ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Total Recall ◽  
Semantic Clustering ◽  
Age Related

Although ageing is known to affect memory, the precise nature of its effect on retrieval and encoding processes is not well understood. Here, we examine the effect of ageing on the free recall of word lists, in which the semantic structure of word sequences was manipulated from unrelated words to pairs of associated words with various separations (between pair members) within the sequence. We find that ageing is associated with reduced total recall, especially for sequences with associated words. Furthermore, we find that the degree of semantic clustering (controlled for chance clustering) shows an age effect and that it interacts with the distance between the words within a pair. The results are consistent with the view that age effects in memory are mediated both by retrieval and by encoding processes associated with frontal control and working memory.

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