Supplemental Material for Age-Related Differences in Actual-Ideal Personality Trait Level Discrepancies

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Trait ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Trait Level

scholarly journals Age-Related Differences in Actual-Ideal Personality Trait Level Discrepancies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Hennecke ◽  
Paul Schumann ◽  
jule specht
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

People differ from each other in their typical patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion and these patterns are considered to constitute their personalities (Funder, 2001). For various reasons, for example because certain trait levels may help to attain certain goals or fulfill certain social roles, people may experience that their actual trait levels are different from their ideal trait levels. In this study, we investigated (1) the impact of age on discrepancies between actual and ideal Big Five personality trait levels and (2) the impact of these discrepancies on personality trait changes across a period of two years. We use data of a large, nationally representative, and age-diverse sample (N = 4,057, 17-94 years, M = 53 years). Results largely confirmed previously reported age effects on actual personality trait levels but were sometimes more complex. Ideal trait levels exceeded actual trait levels more strongly for younger compared to older adults. Unexpectedly, neither ideal trait levels nor their interaction with beliefs about the extent to which personality is malleable vs. fixed predicted trait change over two years (controlling for actual trait levels). We conclude that ideal-actual trait level discrepancies may provide an impetus for change but that they appear to neither alone nor in combination with the belief that personality trait change is possible suffice to produce such change. We discuss commitment, self-efficacy, and strategy knowledge as potential additional predictors of trait change.

scholarly journals Age-related differences in actual-ideal personality trait level discrepancies.

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1000-1015
Author(s):  
Marie Hennecke ◽  
Paul Schumann ◽  
Jule Specht
Keyword(s):  
Personality Trait ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Trait Level

scholarly journals Personality Trait Level and Change as Predictors of Health Outcomes: Findings From a National Study of Americans (MIDUS)

2011 ◽  
Vol 67B (1) ◽  
pp. 4-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Turiano ◽  
Lindsay Pitzer ◽  
Cherie Armour ◽  
Arun Karlamangla ◽  
Carol D. Ryff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
National Study ◽  
Trait Level

scholarly journals Towards More Rigorous Personality Trait–Outcome Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Mõttus
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Outcome Research ◽  
European Association ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Trait Level

Much of personality research attempts to identify causal links between personality traits and various types of outcomes. I argue that causal interpretations require traits to be seen as existentially and holistically real and the associations to be independent of specific ways of operationalizing the traits. Among other things, this means that, to the extents that causality is to be ascribed to such holistic traits, items and facets of those traits should be similarly associated with specific outcomes, except for variability in the degrees to which they reflect the traits (i.e. factor loadings). I argue that, before drawing causal inferences about personality trait–outcome associations, the presence of this condition should be routinely tested by, for example, systematically comparing the outcome associations of individual items or facets, or sampling different indicators for measuring the same purported traits. Existing evidence suggests that observed associations between personality traits and outcomes at least sometimes depend on which particular items or facets have been included in trait operationalizations, calling trait–level causal interpretations into question. However, this has rarely been considered in the literature. I argue that when outcome associations are specific to facets, they should not be generalized to traits. Furthermore, when the associations are specific to particular items, they should not even be generalized to facets. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Personality Trait Change across Late Childhood to Young Adulthood: Evidence for Nonlinearity and Sex Differences in Change

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Emily Durbin ◽  
Brian M. Hicks ◽  
Daniel M. Blonigen ◽  
Wendy Johnson ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Change Trajectories ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Age Related

We explored patterns of self–reported personality trait change across late childhood through young adulthood in a sample assessed up to four times on the lower order facets of Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality (NEM), and Constraint (CON). Multilevel modelling analyses were used to describe both group– and individual–level change trajectories across this time span. There was evidence for nonlinear age–related change in most traits, and substantial individual differences in change for all traits. Gender differences were detected in the change trajectories for several facets of NEM and CON. Findings add to the literature on personality development by demonstrating robust nonlinear change in several traits across late childhood to young adulthood, as well as deviations from normative patterns of maturation at the earliest ages. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Personality Consistency and Situational Influences on Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 3204-3234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer P. Green ◽  
Reeshad S. Dalal ◽  
Kristen L. Swigart ◽  
Melissa A. Bleiberg ◽  
David M. Wallace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Situational Influences ◽  
Individual Difference Variable ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Quadratic Effects

This article examines within-person consistency in personality expression across situations as an individual difference variable that is distinct from the typically studied personality trait level. The focus of the study is the manner in which personality consistency (a conceptualization of personality strength) influences the choice and interpretation of situations and, ultimately, the enactment of organizational citizenship behavior. We conducted an experience sampling study of 167 employees over 10 workdays. At each survey, participants reported their conscientiousness, agreeableness, situation perceptions, and organizational citizenship behavior. Results demonstrated that even after controlling for the linear and quadratic effects of personality trait level (and several other variables): (1) personality consistency increased within-person consistency in organizational citizenship behavior across situations and (2) this relationship was partially mediated by perceived consistency of situational strength and trait-relevant situational content. More broadly, the findings show that individual differences in personality are not restricted solely to the personality trait level. Rather, within-person consistency in personality expression across situations is itself an important individual difference: one that possesses appreciable behavioral consequences in the workplace and one that, consequently, is deserving of considerable future research.

scholarly journals On the Relationship Between Uncertainty Tolerance and Hardiness in Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 320-326
Author(s):  
Olga O. Andronnikova
Keyword(s):  
Personality Trait ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Ambiguity Tolerance ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Multiple Stimulus ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Effective Organization ◽  
The Relationship

Objective – identify the relationship between the phenomena of uncertainty tolerance and hardiness in adolescents. Uncertainty tolerance (UT) is understood as a personality trait that manifests itself in an ability to accept uncertainty and act confidently in unstable situations. Adolescence is characterized as a period of instability. It is thus assumed that uncertainty tolerance is a significant parameter in the structure of adolescents’ hardiness. The research was designed to identify the relationship between uncertainty tolerance and hardiness in adolescents using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Survey respondents: 66 schoolchildren in grades 9 and 11 (15–18 years old), of which 34 are boys and 32 are girls. For the research, a set of methods was used. Hardiness Survey (S. Maddi adapted by D. A. Leont’ev); McLane’s Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale-I ((MSTAT-I) adapted by E. G. Lukovitskaia); Adaptive behavioural strategies Questionnaire (adolescent form: ASP‑1) by N. N. Mel’nikova. The results of the research indicate that the relationship between uncertainty tolerance to and the scales (p ≤ 0.0001) of Risk Acceptance (r = 0.75), Control (r = 0.71), Engagement (r = 0.65), Vitality (r = 0.65) has been determined. Empirical data contribute to the understanding of uncertainty tolerance as a basic personality trait that contributes to the effective organization of life with a limited amount of information about future events. Building hardiness enables adolescents to cope with age-related challenges in a more efficient way

Stability in Personality After Physical Trauma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emelie Gauffin ◽  
Mimmie Willebrand ◽  
Lisa Ekselius ◽  
Caisa Öster
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
First Year ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Trait Stability ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
Norm Scores

Abstract Personality trait stability may be influenced by several factors, there among different life events such as psychological trauma. However, little is known regarding trait stability after physical trauma. Therefore, our primary aim was to assess the extent of stability in personality in burn patients during the first year after injury. Eighty-four burn patients, admitted to a national burn center, were assessed with the Swedish universities Scales of Personality during acute care and 12 months postburn. Personality domain scores remained stable between acute care and 12 months postburn. On the trait level, the only change was seen in personality trait Stress Susceptibility, where burn patients’ scores were lower compared with norm scores during acute care but then increased, and normalized, at 12 months postburn. To conclude, personality scores remained relatively stable during the first year after burn trauma.

scholarly journals Older adults with lower autobiographical memory abilities report less age-related decline in everyday cognitive function

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina L. Fan ◽  
Kristoffer Romero ◽  
Brian Levine
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Cognitive Failures Questionnaire

BACKGROUND. Individuals differ in how they remember the past: some recall the gist of events, whereas others re-experience specific details. These trait-level differences reflect life-long autobiographical memory capacities, distinct from laboratory test performance, and there has been little research on how trait mnemonics relate to cognitive aging. Intuitively, one might predict that individuals reporting higher trait-level memory capacity would be resistant to age-related decline in everyday function. On the other hand, those with lower trait-level episodic autobiographical memory capacity may be better equipped with strategies to cope with age-related memory decline. METHODS. We tested these predictions in 959 older adults aged 50–93 using online subjective and objective measures of memory and cognitive function. Our key measures of interest were the Survey of Autobiographical Memory, a measure of autobiographical memory abilities; and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, a measure of everyday cognitive function. RESULTS. In keeping with the second, less intuitive prediction, we found that complaints of day-to-day memory slips and errors (normally elevated with age) remained stable or even decreased with age among those reporting lower trait-level episodic autobiographical memory capacity, whereas the expected age-related functional decline in everyday memory was observed among those reporting higher trait-level episodic autobiographical memory capacity. CONCLUSIONS. Congenitally low trait-level episodic autobiographical memory may paradoxically confer a functional advantage in aging due to well-developed non- episodic strategies not present in those with higher abilities. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering individual differences when studying cognitive aging trajectories.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP OF TIME PERCEPTION AND IMPULSIVENESS OF UKRAINIAN STUDENTS

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
The Relationship

Identifying the relationship between characteristics of the individual perception of time and the personality trait of impulsivity is the problem this study is devoted to. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationships between the various components of impulsiveness as a personality trait and the characteristics of an individual minute (IM) taking into account age and gender in a sample of Ukrainian university students (62 participants aged 17-22; 11 of them are men). To assess the features of time perception, the IM method was used according to F. Halberg. As the characteristics of MI, we used the mean and standard deviation for three consecutive measurements of IM and the average error of subjective time relative to objective one in percent. Impulsivity was measured using the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale test in the Ukrainian adaptation, which reveals 5 indicators of impulsivity: negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, and sensation seeking. For Ukrainian students, impulsivity indicators correspond to the average norms of the French sample. The mean IM is 61.3 seconds and it is in the range of 36-88 seconds, the standard deviation of 3 IM measurements is 8 seconds, the average error of the subjective time relatively to the objective one was 9%. An inverse relationship between the mean duration of IM and the impulsivity index “positive urgency” was revealed. A direct relationship between the variability of the IM, the average error of the IM in percent and the impulsivity index “lack of perseverance” was also revealed. There are no signifiant differences in the mean duration of IM between men and women. At the same time, women have a signifiantly higher variability in time estimation – the standard deviation of IM is signifiantly greater in them than in men. By the characteristics of the impulsiveness, women have a signifiantly higher indicator of positive urgency than men. Age-related differences in the features of perception of time and impulsivity were not found. It will be worth to study relations of IM with other personality peculiarities such as Big Five traits and temperament types. This would give us more insights about diagnostical usefulness of IM measurements as proxy between physiological and psychological conditions of people.

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