Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence—Smokeless Tobacco

Abstract Background Nicotine is a highly addictive substance present in tobacco. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of tobacco use and compare the nicotine dependence among smokers and smokeless tobacco users visiting dental outreach programs of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences -Dharan, Nepal. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2018 to April 2019. A total of 726 people were selected from participants of dental outreach programs of 6 districts using convenience sampling technique. The data collection was done using semi-structured questionnaire through face to face interview by a single researcher. History of tobacco use and level of nicotine dependency was measured using Nepali translated and validated form of Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence for smoking and smokeless. The mean age of the tobacco users was 39.55 ± 15.57 (Range = 19–82 years). Descriptive statistics including the mean, median, percentage, standard deviations and interquartile range were computed. Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and odds ratio were calculated where needed. Results The overall prevalence of any tobacco use, smoking form, smokeless and both form was found to be 32.8%, 14.9%, 14.3% and 3.6% respectively. Nicotine dependence (moderate and severe) was found in 80% of smokeless tobacco users and 48% of smokers. Among the smokeless tobacco users nicotine dependency was found to be more with female gender (Odds ratio = 4.98, 95%CI = 1.41–17.69, p = 0.01), increase in duration of tobacco use with every 10 years, low socioeconomic status (Odds ratio = 2.75, 95%CI = 1.02–7.40, p = 0.04), married, not using alcohol. Among smokers nicotine dependency was found to be significantly higher with more than 30 years of duration (Odds ratio = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.42–7.92, p = 0.005). Conclusions The study concluded that prevalence of tobacco consumption and nicotine dependence was high among the people visiting dental outreach programs. This study incorporated both smoking and smokeless tobacco users. It is high time to develop a policy to control tobacco use along with creating tobacco cessation centers. Tobacco control program are basically focusing on smoking. However, it is very necessary to incorporate in policy level to control smokeless tobacco along with smoking. Tobacco cessation centers will obviously help to quit tobacco among the tobacco users.

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A factor analysis of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence for bidi smokers and smokeless tobacco users (FTND): findings from India

Tobacco Induced Diseases ◽

10.18332/tid/84303 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Divya Persai ◽

Rajmohan Panda

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Smokeless Tobacco

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Measuring nicotine dependence among smokeless tobacco users

Addictive Behaviors ◽

10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.11.005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 31 (9) ◽

pp. 1511-1521 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Janet L. Thomas ◽

Jon O. Ebbert ◽

Christi A. Patten ◽

Lowell C. Dale ◽

Carrie A. Bronars ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Smokeless Tobacco

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Age of tobacco use initiation and association with current use and nicotine dependence among US middle and high school students, 2014–2016

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054593 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Saida Sharapova ◽

Carolyn Reyes-Guzman ◽

Tushar Singh ◽

Elyse Phillips ◽

Kristy L Marynak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Tobacco Prevention ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

School Students ◽

Cigarette Tobacco ◽

Tobacco Products

IntroductionTobacco use mostly begins in adolescence and young adulthood. Earlier age of initiation of cigarette smoking is associated with greater nicotine dependence and sustained tobacco use. However, data are limited on the age of initiation of non-cigarette tobacco products, and the association between using these products and nicotine dependence and progression to established use.MethodsCombined 2014–2016 National Youth Tobacco Survey data, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of US students in grades 6–12 yielded 19 580 respondents who reported ever using any of five tobacco products: electronic cigarettes, cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and hookah. Analyses assessed age of reported first use of each product among ever-users, overall and by sex and race/ethnicity. Current daily use, past 30-day use, feelings of craving tobacco and time to first tobacco use after waking were assessed by age of first use.ResultsAmong ever-users, weighted median age for first use was 12.6 years for cigarettes, 13.8 years for cigars, 13.4 years for smokeless tobacco, 14.1 years for hookah and 14.1 years for e-cigarettes. First trying these tobacco products at age ≤13 years was associated with greater current use of the respective product and nicotine dependence compared with initiating use at age >13 years.ConclusionsFirst tobacco use at age ≤13 years is associated with current daily and past 30-day use of non-cigarette tobacco products, and with the development of nicotine dependence among youth ever-users. Proven tobacco prevention interventions that reach early adolescents are important to reduce overall youth tobacco use.

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Assessment of nicotine dependence among tobacco users visiting outreach programs in Dharan, Nepal: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11535-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Krishna Subedi ◽

Ashish Shrestha ◽

Tarakant Bhagat

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Outreach Programs ◽

Nicotine Dependency ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Nicotine is a highly addictive substance present in tobacco. This study was conducted to assess the level of nicotine dependence among smokers and smokeless tobacco users visiting dental outreach programs of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences -Dharan, Nepal. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2018 to April 2019. A total of 726 people were selected from participants of dental outreach programs of 6 districts using convenience sampling technique. The data collection was done using semi-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview by a single researcher. History of tobacco use and level of nicotine dependency was measured using Nepali translated and validated form of Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence for smoking and smokeless tobacco. The mean age of the tobacco users was 39.55 ± 15.57. Descriptive statistics including the mean, median, percentage, standard deviations and interquartile range were computed. Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, univariate and bivariate logistic regression were used where needed. Results Nicotine dependence (moderate and severe) was found in 80% of smokeless tobacco users and 48% of smokers. Among the smokeless tobacco users, nicotine dependency was found to be more with increase in duration of tobacco use (AOR = 50.25, 95%CI = 3.51–718.62, p = 0.004), low socioeconomic status (AOR = 6.27, 95%CI = 1.30–30.31, p = 0.02), less number of tobacco packets used per day and tried to quit tobacco use in last 1 year. Among smokers nicotine dependency was found to be significantly higher with smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day (AOR = 7.14, 95% CI = 2.00–25.40, p = 0.002). Conclusions The study concluded that level of nicotine dependence for both smoking and smokeless tobacco was high among the people visiting dental outreach programs. It is high time to develop a policy to control tobacco use along with creating tobacco cessation centers. Currently, tobacco control program is mostly focusing on smoking. However, it is also important to incorporate smokeless tobacco control at policy level.

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The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST)

Addictive Behaviors ◽

10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.015 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 31 (9) ◽

pp. 1716-1721 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Jon O. Ebbert ◽

Christi A. Patten ◽

Darrell R. Schroeder

Keyword(s):

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Smokeless Tobacco

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Symptoms of nicotine dependence in a cohort of Swedish youths: a comparison between smokers, smokeless tobacco users and dual tobacco users

Addiction ◽

10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02852.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 740-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Ann Post ◽

Hans Gilljam ◽

Ingvar Rosendahl ◽

Sven Bremberg ◽

Maria Rosaria Galanti

Keyword(s):

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Smokeless Tobacco

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Assessment of nicotine dependence among tobacco chewers attending dental outpatient department in a tertiary care hospital

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203908 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 3466

Author(s):

Saket Shekhar ◽

Prachi N. Nehulkar ◽

Vimal M. Holambe

Keyword(s):

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tobacco Addiction ◽

Slaked Lime ◽

Smokeless Tobacco Use ◽

Study Participants

Background: Smokeless tobacco is most common form of tobacco addiction. Nicotine dependence plays important role in tobacco addiction. In the present study we try to study sociodemographic factors, type of smokeless tobacco use and its pattern and smokeless tobacco chewers and nicotine dependence among them.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for six months and responses from 854 smokeless tobacco chewers were collected from dental OPD of Government Medical College and Hospital, Latur, Maharashtra. A structured questionnaire was designed and filled by face to face interview and responses were analysed.Results: Out of 854 study participants more than 50% i.e. 468 (54.80%) were in age group of 25-44 years. Illiterates compromised 27.87% of study participants. Almost one third (31.14%) of study participants started using smokeless tobacco before age of 18 years. Khaini or tobacco mixed with slaked lime is preferred type of smokeless tobacco by most of the smokeless tobacco users. Most common i.e. 51.87% of study participants consumed smokeless tobacco 5-9 times a day. Almost 50% of study participants i.e. 421 (49.30%) spent Rs 100-300 on smokeless tobacco per month. Nicotine dependence is seen in 38.20% of study participants.Conclusions: Smokeless tobacco use is prevalent before age of maturity among teenagers. Nicotine dependence is seen in almost one third of smokeless tobacco users. Determining nicotine dependence is an important step in tackling nicotine dependence.

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