Proactive control in the Stroop task: A conflict-frequency manipulation free of item-specific, contingency-learning, and color-word correlation confounds.

With the aim of establishing the temporal locus of the semantic conflict in color-word Stroop and emotional Stroop phenomena, we analyzed the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) elicited by nonwords, incongruent and congruent color words, colored words with positive and negative emotional valence, and colored words with neutral valence. The incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral stimuli produced interference in the behavioral response to the color of the stimuli. The P150/N170 amplitude was sensitive to the semantic equivalence of both dimensions of the congruent color words. The P3b amplitude was smaller in response to incongruent color words and to positive, negative, and neutral colored words than in response to the congruent color words and colored nonwords. There were no differences in the ERPs induced in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence. Therefore, the P3b amplitude was sensitive to interference from the semantic content of the incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral words in the color-response task, independently of the emotional content of the colored words. In addition, the P3b amplitude was smaller in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence than in response to the incongruent color words. Overall, these data indicate that the temporal locus of the semantic conflict generated by the incongruent color words (in the color-word Stroop task) and by colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence (in the emotional Stroop task) appears to occur in the range 300–450 ms post-stimulus.

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A preliminary investigation on the relationship between color-word Stroop task performance and delusion-proneness in nonpsychiatric adults

Psychiatry Research ◽

10.1016/j.psychres.2008.09.001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 175 (1-2) ◽

pp. 27-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Diana M. Orem ◽

Jeffrey S. Bedwell

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

Stroop Task ◽

Color Word ◽

Preliminary Investigation ◽

The Relationship

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Neural Dynamics of Conflict Control in Working Memory

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_01744 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Khoi D. Vo ◽

Audrey Siqi-Liu ◽

Alondra Chaire ◽

Sophia Li ◽

Elise Demeter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Stroop Task ◽

Color Word ◽

Color Naming ◽

Control Task ◽

Attentional Processing ◽

Shared Representations ◽

Color Representation ◽

And Performance ◽

External Stimuli

Abstract Attention and working memory (WM) have classically been considered as two separate cognitive functions, but more recent theories have conceptualized them as operating on shared representations and being distinguished primarily by whether attention is directed internally (WM) or externally (attention, traditionally defined). Supporting this idea, a recent behavioral study documented a “WM Stroop effect,” showing that maintaining a color word in WM impacts perceptual color-naming performance to the same degree as presenting the color word externally in the classic Stroop task. Here, we employed ERPs to examine the neural processes underlying this WM Stroop task compared to those in the classic Stroop and in a WM-control task. Based on the assumption that holding a color word in WM would (pre-)activate the same color representation as by externally presenting that color word, we hypothesized that the neural cascade of conflict–control processes would occur more rapidly in the WM Stroop than in the classic Stroop task. Our behavioral results replicated equivalent interference behavioral effects for the WM and classic Stroop tasks. Importantly, however, the ERP signatures of conflict detection and resolution displayed substantially shorter latencies in the WM Stroop task. Moreover, delay-period conflict in the WM Stroop task, but not in the WM control task, impacted the ERP and performance measures for the WM probe stimuli. Together, these findings provide new insights into how the brain processes conflict between internal representations and external stimuli, and they support the view of shared representations between internally held WM content and attentional processing of external stimuli.

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Disentangling semantic and response learning effects in color-word contingency learning

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0212714 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. e0212714 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sebastian Geukes ◽

Dirk Vorberg ◽

Pienie Zwitserlood

Keyword(s):

Color Word ◽

Response Learning ◽

Learning Effects ◽

Contingency Learning

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Microgenetic Patterns of Adaptation on the Stroop Task by Patients with Bronchial Asthma and Duodenal Peptic Ulcer

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.19 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 19-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

I. Alex Rubino ◽

Silvia Grasso ◽

Bianca Pezzarossa

Keyword(s):

Peptic Ulcer ◽

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Stroop Task ◽

Color Word ◽

Reading Speed ◽

Linear Change ◽

Change Scores ◽

Word Test ◽

Linear And Nonlinear ◽

Nonlinear Change

Microgenetic patterns of adaptation on the Stroop task were assessed by means of the Serial Color-Word Test given 21 patients with bronchial asthma and 20 with duodenal peptic ulcer, who were compared with 41 normal controls matched for sex, age, and education. Two measures were calculated on each of the five trials of the test, one of linear change and one of nonlinear change in reading times. As predicted, patients presented more frequently patterns characterized by high nonlinear change and less frequently stabilized patterns (low linear and nonlinear change of reading speed). Linear and nonlinear change were then calculated on the five linear change scores and the five nonlinear change scores; again patients presented more frequently patterns characterized by high nonlinear change on both the linear change scores and nonlinear change scores and less frequently stabilized patterns. These findings indicate strong similarities between the adaptation patterns of patients with ulcer and asthma and the microgenetic patterns previously known to characterize neurotic and psychotic patients. Furthermore, scores on the Serial Color-Word Test also differentiated between ulcer and asthma groups.

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Classic Stroop Color Words Produce No Stroop Effect When the Display Characteristics Are Based Upon Emotional Stroop Studies With Subliminal Presentations

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/0033294119843220 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (4) ◽

pp. 1207-1225

Author(s):

Gary D. Fisk ◽

Steven J. Haase

Keyword(s):

Stroop Task ◽

Stroop Effect ◽

Color Word ◽

Perceptual Processing ◽

Emotional Stroop ◽

Prime Stimulus ◽

Emotional Stroop Task ◽

Subliminal Stimulus ◽

Negative Findings ◽

Research Findings

Two forms of the Stroop task have produced contradictory findings regarding unconscious perceptual processing. Emotional Stroop task studies with prime words presented at an objective threshold (i.e., subliminal) produce Stroop-like effects, but comparable studies conducted with classic Stroop stimuli do not produce Stroop effects. We tested the possibility that differences in the display appearance might explain this discrepancy. Color word prime stimuli from the traditional Stroop task were used with display characteristics based upon the emotional Stroop studies. There was a Stroop effect for the relatively long prime stimulus durations (59, 87, or 108 milliseconds) but not for the brief durations (18, 24, or 38 milliseconds). Accordingly, the discrepancy in research findings cannot be attributed to simple differences in display methodology. The failure to find strong evidence of unconscious perceptual processing is consistent with the negative findings from some emotional Stroop studies that use subliminal stimulus presentations.

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