Hubungan konflik keluarga dengan perlakuan buli dalam kalangan murid sekolah yang mempunyai kecenderungan membuli (The relationship between family conflict and bullying among school students who have a tendency to bully)

This study aimed to identify the relationship between family conflict and the level of bullying behaviour among male students in secondary school since bullying has become a very critical issue in schools. A survey was conducted in Malaysia that involved 480 male students, who were purposely selected through the Level Bullying Behaviour (TTLB) questionnaire instrument. The Family Conflict Frequency Questionnaire (KKK) was used to measure the level of student’s family conflict. KKK used the Likert scale which applied a scale of 1-5 to identify the level of family conflict for students. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics i.e., Pearson correlation coefficient test is used to analyse the data that indicated ‘low moderate’ level of bullying behaviour among male students. The study also found that there was a significant relationship between family conflict variables with levels of bullying behaviour among the sample. One of the significant implications of this study is that family conflict factors should be given serious attention and considered in planning intervention programs to curb and prevent the bullying phenomena from escalating into other serious problems in schools. IT is suggested that this study should be expanded to other states in a nationwide study and should include both female and male students in order to understand and grasp the seriousness and extent of bullying problems among secondary school students.

Transactions between self-esteem and perceived conflict in romantic relationships: A 5-year longitudinal study

Self-esteem has been shown to be both predictive of and predicted by characteristics of romantic relationships. While there is an increasing number of studies yielding support for reciprocal influences between self-esteem and perceived conflict in romantic relationships, longitudinal transactions between these constructs from both partners’ perspectives have not been studied systematically to date. Our aim was to close this gap. To that end, we examined the transactional and longitudinal interplay between self-esteem and perceived relationship conflict in continuing romantic couples from a dyadic perspective. Our sample consisted of N = 1,093 young adult female–male relationships from the German Family Panel. Individuals’ self-esteem, perceived conflict frequency, and their perceptions of their partners’ dysfunctional conflict styles (i.e., unconstructive behavior, withdrawal) were examined annually throughout a time span of five years. Based on dyadic bivariate latent change models, we tested our assumption that self-esteem and aspects of perceived relationship conflict are negatively interrelated within individuals and between partners both within and across time. We found one actor effect of self-esteem on changes in unconstructive behavior above and beyond initial unconstructive behavior levels, supporting self-broadcasting perspectives. Moreover, we found strong support for sociometer perspectives. Actor effects highlighted the importance of perceived conflict frequency for subsequent self-esteem changes. In addition, perceived conflict styles affected both partners’ self-esteem. The results imply that perceiving conflict is a between-person process, and might be more important for the development of self-esteem than vice versa.

Medically assisted reproduction and parent–child relationships during adolescence: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

STUDY QUESTION Do the parent–child relationships of adolescents born after medically assisted reproduction (MAR) using the parents’ own gametes differ from those of adolescents born after natural conception (NC)? SUMMARY ANSWER MAR and NC families have similar parent–child relationships in terms of closeness and conflict frequency, except that MAR mothers report being closer to their children than NC mothers. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Prior work on parent–child relationships during childhood has reported mixed findings. While some studies have documented no differences between MAR and NC families, others have shown that MAR families have greater levels of warmth and positive feelings than NC families. Evidence on parent–child relationships during the adolescent period is generally positive but is limited because of the small number of existing studies and the reliance on small samples. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This work is based on the UK Millennium Cohort Study, whose study members were born in 2000–2002. The analyses focused on Sweep 6 which was collected when cohort members were around 14 years old. We also relied on variables collected in Sweep 1, when cohort members were aged around 9 months, to account for characteristics that could confound or mediate the relationship between MAR and our outcomes. The attrition rate between Sweeps 1 and 6 was 36.7%. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The final sample consisted of 10 233 cohort members, 320 of whom were conceived with the help of MAR (3.1%). A total of six dependent variables were used to measure, when the cohort members were around 14 years old, levels of parent–child closeness and conflict, reported separately by the mother, the father and the cohort member. Linear models were used to analyse the association between parent–child relationships before and after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics and mental health. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Sweep 6 achieved a response rate of 76.3% of the eligible sample. The results show that, on average, MAR and NC families had similar parent–child relationships in terms of closeness and conflict frequency. The only difference was that MAR mothers reported being closer to their children than NC mothers both before (β = 0.149, P < 0.05) and after (β = 0.102, P < 0.1) adjustment for family socio-demographic characteristics and mental health. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The outcome variables are self-reported by each of the respondents and could be subject to social desirability bias. Second, some parents may have not reported they conceived through donor insemination, which could result in the analytical sample including a small subset of children who were not genetically related to their parents. Third, the data did not include information about whether the children were aware of their conception mode, since the Millennium Cohort Study did not collect information on MAR disclosure. Moreover, they did not allow us to study other aspects of parent–child relationships. Finally, as we observed parent–child relationships at only one moment in time; we were unable to test whether they changed over time. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The results suggest that the difficulties and the stress parents underwent to conceive through MAR did not translate into more difficult parent–child relationships during adolescence. Given the increasing number of children conceived via MAR, the finding that MAR and NC families had similar parent–child relationships in terms of closeness and conflict frequency is reassuring. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by European Research Council agreement n. 803959 (MARTE to A.G.). The authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER n/a

Does Pandemic Covid 19 Influence Romantic Relationship?

The COVID 19 pandemic that hit many countries around the world not only has bad impact on economic sector, but also on romantic relationships. The purpose of this study was to explore various aspects of romantic relationships during pandemic 1) perception of harmony, 2) increased conflict, 3) reasons for conflict, 4) intensity of relationships during pandemic. This study used a survey with open-ended questions and several questions with tiered answer responses. The sampling method was incidental sampling with the respondent criteria married, dating, and no official status. Data analysis employed was coding and categorization, as well as Kruskal Wallis analysis. There were 345 respondents aged 13-51 years. The results showed that in general there was an increase in the frequency of conflict between partners during pandemic, where the main reason was meeting difficulty due to social restrictions, lack of communication, and other reasons not directly related to the pandemic. The results of Kruskal Wallis showed that the harmony of partners and the frequency of conflict during the pandemic is related to the type of status (no official status, dating, and married), length of relationship, intensity of communication, and intensity of meeting. Respondents with married status have the highest perception of harmony while dating status has the highest conflict frequency. Couples with length of relationship over 2 years and rarely communicate perceived the highest increase in conflict. Based on the intensity of meeting, the couples whose intensity of meeting often had the highest perception of harmony, although on the other hand the frequent meetings also led to an increase in conflict.

Are Differences in Bedtimes Bad for Relationships? Associations With Attachment and Conflict in Middle-Aged Couples

A robust body of literature has found birdirectional associations between sleep quality and marital quality in couple relationships (Hasler & Troxel, 2010; Pearlin, 2010). Additionally, dyadic research shows that differences in couples’ bed time routines and habits is associated with mental health outcomes (Chen, 2018), however the literature has not connected them with other marital processes that are mutable and clinically relevant. Attachment theory provides a clinically relevant framework that captures both interpersonal marital processes such as relationship conflict as well intrapersonal processes of individual emotional safety—essentially individuals’ personal strategies to balance closeness and distance in a relationship (Feeney, 2002; Rhodes et al., 2001). The two main attachment styles related to sleep processes are attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety (Collins et al., 2002; Gun, 2015; Troxel, 2007). Utilizing data from 234 couple dyads, we investigated if differences in partners’ bed times is associated with conflict frequency and attachment avoidance using a structural equation modeling approach. We controlled for a number of important factors and tested our hypothesized model against two plausible alternative models. Results revealed that greater difference in partners’ bed times was associated with higher conflict frequency for both husbands and wives through higher men’s attachment avoidance. Our findings highlight previous research on matched vs. unmatched couples on sleep routines, habits, and chronotypes (both morning or night vs. different; Larson et al., 1991) but highlight mutable and clinically relevant constructs for intervention. Implications for health promotion and marital therapy will be discussed.

Safety and Efficiency Analysis of Turbo Roundabout with Simulations Based on the Lujiazui Roundabout in Shanghai

Traditional multilane roundabouts have many branch lanes without traffic signs and channelization, which leads to a high tendency for traffic collisions. Turbo roundabouts are a new design that has the potential to reduce lane-change conflicts using canalization to force drivers to keep in specific lanes based on their intended destination. This paper evaluates the safety and efficiency performance of turbo roundabouts for the case of a five-leg roundabout called Lujiazui in Shanghai and provides design and construction guidelines when applying the turbo design. The models for the Lujiazui roundabout and the reconstructed turbo version were built in Vissim, and a comprehensive series of experiments under different traffic volumes and central island radii was performed. Afterward, the conflict statistics extracted from the trajectory files in the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) were analyzed using the conflict severity index (CSI) and were then integrated to calculate the modified conflict frequency (MCF) for safety performance evaluation. A comparative efficiency analysis was also conducted as a supplement. Based on the results, the relative characteristics for safety and efficiency between the turbo and original designs of the Lujiazui roundabout were analyzed. Suggestions to apply the turbo design on a five-leg roundabout are introduced.