First Benedicks Effect in Gas-Free Mercury, as Influenced by the Mean Temperature

Computer generated graphs are presented for the mean temperature difference in typical air cooler configurations, covering the combinations of numbers of passes and rows per pass of industrial interest. Two sets of independent variables are included in the graphs: the conventional one (heat capacity water ratio and cold fluid effectiveness), and the one required in an optimization technique of widespread use (hot fluid effectiveness and the number of heat transfer units). Flow arrangements with side-by-side and over-and-under passes, frequently found in actual practice, are discussed through examples.

Download Full-text

THE TEMPERATURES OF SURFACE FIRES IN JACK PINE BARREN: I. THE VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE WITH TIME

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b66-144 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 1285-1292 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

David W. Smith ◽

John H. Sparling

Keyword(s):

Jack Pine ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Surface Fires ◽

Mean Temperature ◽

The Mean ◽

Maximum Temperatures

The temperatures of 18 fires in an open jack pine barren near Timmins, Ontario, have been recorded. The maximum temperature recorded was 545 °C, although in other determinations fire temperatures in excess of 1000 °C were reached. The mean temperature of all fires was 340.6 ± 133.2 °C. Three fires at 230, 345, and 545 °C were considered in detail.The maximum temperature of a fire was normally recorded at heights of 5 cm or 10 cm above the surface. Maximum temperatures of hotter fires usually occurred at greater heights than cooler ones. Duration and the temperature ("intensity") of the fire are important aspects of fire studies.

Download Full-text

Implicit LES for Shaped-Hole Film Cooling Flow

Volume 5A: Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/gt2017-63314 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Todd A. Oliver ◽

Joshua B. Anderson ◽

David G. Bogard ◽

Robert D. Moser ◽

Gregory Laskowski

Keyword(s):

Film Cooling ◽

Density Ratio ◽

Vortex Pair ◽

Cooling Flow ◽

Blowing Ratio ◽

Eddy Simulation ◽

Mean Temperature ◽

Cooling Hole ◽

The Mean ◽

Adiabatic Effectiveness

Results of a recent joint experimental and computational investigation of the flow through a plenum-fed 7-7-7 shaped film cooling hole are presented. In particular, we compare the measured adiabatic effectiveness and mean temperature against implicit large eddy simulation (iLES) for blowing ratio approximately 2, density ratio 1.6, and Reynolds number 6000. The results overall show reasonable agreement between the iLES and the experimental results for the adiabatic effectiveness and gross features of the mean temperature field. Notable discrepancies include the centerline adiabatic effectiveness near the hole, where the iLES under-predicts the measurements by Δη ≈ 0.05, and the near-wall temperature, where the simulation results show features not present in the measurements. After showing this comparison, the iLES results are used to examine features that were not measured in the experiments, including the in-hole flow and the dominant fluxes in the mean internal energy equation downstream of the hole. Key findings include that the flow near the entrance to the hole is highly turbulent and that there is a large region of backflow near the exit of the hole. Further, the well-known counter-rotating vortex pair downstream of the hole is observed. Finally, the typical gradient diffusion hypothesis for the Reynolds heat flux is evaluated and found to be incorrect.

Download Full-text

VI.—The Body-Temperature of Fishes and other Marine Animals.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s0370164600011573 ◽

1908 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 66-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sutherland Simpson

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Temperature Difference ◽

Great Majority ◽

The Body ◽

Shore Crab ◽

First Year ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Mean Temperature ◽

The Mean ◽

Image Position

SUMMARYThe body-temperature of the following fishes, crustaceans, and echinoderms has been examined and compared with the temperature of the water in which they live:—Cod-fish (Gadus morrhua), ling (Molva vulgaris), torsk (Brosmius brosme), coal-fish or saithe (Gadus virens), haddock (Gadus œgelfinus), flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), dog-fish (Scyllium catulus), shore crab (Carcinus mœnas), edible crab (Cancer pagurus), lobster (Homarus vulgaris), sea-urchin (Echinus esculentus), and starfish (Asterias rubens). The minimum, maximum, and mean temperature difference for each species are given in the following table:—The excess of temperature is most evident in the larger specimens. This is well shown in the case of the coal-fish, where in the adult it was 0°·7 C., and in the great majority (11 out of 12) of the young of the first year, 0°·0 C. The body-weight and the conditions under which the fish are captured probably form the most important factors in determining the temperature difference.In 14 codfish, where the rectal, blood, and muscle temperatures were recorded in the same individual, it was found to be highest in the muscle and lowest in the rectum, the mean temperature difference being 0°·46 C. for the muscle, 0°·41 C for the blood, and 0°·36 C. for the rectum.

Download Full-text

Effectiveness of Tympanic Thermometry for diagnosing Acute Otitis Media

Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College ◽

10.35787/jimdc.v8i2.359 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 74-78

Author(s):

Muhammad Zubair ◽

Ghulam Saqulain ◽

Arfat Jawaid

Keyword(s):

Tympanic Membrane ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Temperature Difference ◽

Acute Otitis Media ◽

P Value ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Mean Temperature ◽

Ear Wax ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B

Background: Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is a common upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in children and usually presents with fever and otalgia. AOM is characterized by congested tympanic membrane and possible increase in temperature, which might be picked up by infrared tympanic thermometry. The objective of this study was to compare the temperature difference of tympanic membrane of affected ear with the unaffected ear and axilla in unilateral acute otitis media, and compare it with the control group.Material and Methods: This case control study comprised of 200 cases of both genders, aged up to 5 years. They were divided into two groups; Group A included 100 clinically diagnosed cases of acute otitis media (AOM), who reported in the ENT Outpatient Department (OPD) and Group B included 100 controls who presented in General Filter Clinic with no ear complaints. Cases with chronic ear disease, ear discharge, and use of local drugs including ear drops, impacted ear wax, tragal tenderness and congenital malformations of the ear were excluded by taking a detailed history. Clinical examination including otoscopy by an expert was done before subjecting patients to axillary and tympanic thermometry measurements and data recording. Data was collected and tabulated using Microsoft Excel Worksheet and analyzed by SPSS 16. Qualitative data like gender were presented as percentage and ratio, while means and standard deviation were calculated for the quantitative data. Difference between the means of experimental and control groups were analyzed by independent sample t-test and P value of less than or equal to 0.05 was taken as significant.Results: This study included 100 cases of unilateral AOM and 100 normal controls without AOM. In patients with AOM, the mean temperature difference between the affected ear and axilla was 1.41ºF as compared to 0.075ºF in controls (p=0.026). While the mean temperature difference between the affected ear and other ear was 0.65ºF as compared to 0.19ºF in controls (p=0.069).Conclusion: In acute otitis media, the temperature of affected ear is significantly higher than axilla but was not significantly higher than the other ear. The finding may help establish thermometry as a diagnostic tool in clinics manned by doctors not competent to do otoscopy.

Download Full-text