THE TEMPERATURES OF SURFACE FIRES IN JACK PINE BARREN: I. THE VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE WITH TIME

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1285-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Smith ◽  
John H. Sparling
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The temperatures of 18 fires in an open jack pine barren near Timmins, Ontario, have been recorded. The maximum temperature recorded was 545 °C, although in other determinations fire temperatures in excess of 1000 °C were reached. The mean temperature of all fires was 340.6 ± 133.2 °C. Three fires at 230, 345, and 545 °C were considered in detail.The maximum temperature of a fire was normally recorded at heights of 5 cm or 10 cm above the surface. Maximum temperatures of hotter fires usually occurred at greater heights than cooler ones. Duration and the temperature ("intensity") of the fire are important aspects of fire studies.

A study about the linearity of trends between extreme and mean temperatures in Argentina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Suli ◽  
Matilde Rusticucci ◽  
Soledad Collazo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Cold Extremes

<p>Small variations in the mean state of the atmosphere can cause large changes in the frequency of extreme events. In order to deepen and extend previous results in time, in this work we analyzed the linear relationship between extreme and mean temperature (Τ) on a climate change scale in Argentina. Two monthly extreme indices, cold nights (TN10) and warm days (TX90), were calculated based on the quality-controlled daily minimum and maximum temperature data provided by the Argentine National Meteorological Service from 58 conventional weather stations located over Argentina in the 1977–2017 period. Subsequently, we evaluated the relationship between the linear trends of extremes and mean temperature on a seasonal basis (JFM, AMJ, JAS, and OND). Student's T-test was performed to analyze their statistical significance at 5%. Firstly, positive (negative) and significant linear regressions were found between TX90 (TN10) trends and mean temperature trends for the four studied seasons. Therefore, an increase in the Τ-trend maintains a linear relationship with significant increase (decrease) of warm days (cold nights). Moreover, we found that JFM was the one with the highest coefficient of determination (0.602 for hot extremes and 0.511 for cold extremes), implying that 60.2% (51.1%) of the TX90 (TN10) trend could be explained as a function of the Τ-trend by a linear regression. In addition, in the JFM (OND) quarter, the TX90 index increased by 7.02 (6.02) % of days each with a 1 ºC increase in the mean temperature. Likewise, the TN10 index decreased by 4.94 (and 4.99) % of days from a 1ºC increase in the mean temperature for the JFM (AMJ) quarter. Finally, it is worthwhile to highlight the uneven behavior between hot and cold extremes and the mean temperature. Specifically, it was observed that the slopes of the linear regression calculated for the TX90 index and Τ presented a higher absolute value than those registered for the TN10 index and Τ. Therefore, a change in the mean temperature affects hot extremes to a greater extent than cold ones in Argentina.</p>

RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ENVIRONMENT: I. PLANTING DATE AND LOCATION

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Fletcher ◽  
A. R. Maurer ◽  
D. P. Ormrod ◽  
B. Stanfield
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dark Skin ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The effect of 15 planting dates on various growth characteristics of peas var. Dark Skin Perfection was studied in outdoor pot experiments at Vancouver and Agassiz, B.C. Differences in growth and yield between locations and planting dates were partly accounted for by the mean of maximum temperatures for the growth period.At Agassiz where temperatures exceeded the optimum for most growth characteristics in many of the later plantings, the mean of maximum temperatures was negatively correlated with total dry-matter yield, peas per pod, and pea yield; was positively correlated with branching; and had no effect on pods per plant, double-podded nodes, and tillering. At Vancouver, where temperatures were suboptimum for the early plantings and approached optimum for the later plantings, the mean of maximum temperatures was positively correlated with total dry-matter yield, pods per plant, double-podded nodes, tillering, and pea yield but had no effect on peas per pod or branching. A seasonal mean maximum temperature of 68 to 70°F was considered to be optimum for peas.

scholarly journals ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA DO AR PARA A REGIÃO DO SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iug Lopes ◽  
Juliana Maria M De Melo ◽  
Brauliro Gonçalves Leal
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Country Club ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Continuous Fields ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Inverse Distance

ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA DO AR PARA A REGIÃO DO SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO  IUG LOPES¹; JULIANA MARIA MEDRADO DE MELO² E BRAULIRO GONÇALVES LEAL³ ¹ Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Dois Irmão, CEP: 52171-900 – Recife, PE. [email protected]² Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Rua Edgar Chastinet, s/n - São Geraldo, BA, 48905-680 – Juazeiro, BA. [email protected]³ Colegiado de Engenharia da Computação, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco – Campus Juazeiro, Av. Antonio Carlos Magalhães, 510 Country Club, CEP: 48.902-300 – Juazeiro, BA. [email protected]  1 RESUMO  Dentre as variáveis meteorológicas requeridas para o cálculo do balanço hídrico destacam-se as temperaturas mínimas, médias e máximas do ar, que apresentam uma continuidade no quantitativo de distância e assim permitem de uma maneira mais simples a criação de campos contínuos utilizando métodos de interpolação espacial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar potências para o método de interpolação do Inverso da Potência da Distância (IPD) na espacialização de valores diários da temperatura no Submédio São Francisco, para os períodos de um ano, das estações do ano (inverno, primavera, verão e outono). Foram obtidos os parâmetros de potência do interpolador Inverso da Potência da Distância das temperaturas mínimas, médias e máximas a partir dos dados medidos em 14 estações meteorológicas automáticas do INMET em operação no Pólo de Desenvolvimento Petrolina-Juazeiro. Foram realizadas interpolações para as épocas: anual, inverno, primavera, verão e outono. A variação diária do erro relativo médio obtida, para a época ano, calculado utilizando os dados de temperatura mínima, média e máxima utilizando o valor da potência do interpolador foram iguais a 3,3; 3,4; e 3,4, respectivamente. Os valores de erro médio foram pequenos quando comparados com o erro instrumental. Palavras-chave: interpolação, validação cruzada, estação meteorológica  LOPES, I; MELO, J. M. M.; LEAL, B. G. SPATIALIZATION OF AIR TEMPERATURE TO THE REGION OF SUBMEDIO SÃO FRANCISCO  2 ABSTRACT Among the meteorological variables required for the calculation of the water balance are the temperatures, which present a continuity in the quantitative distance and thus allow in a simpler way the creation of continuous fields using spatial interpolation methods. The objective of this work was to evaluate the power of the Inverse Distance Power (IPD) in the spatialization of daily values of temperature in the Submedia of São Francisco, for the one-year periods of the seasons (winter, spring, summer it's fall). The power parameters of the Inverse Distance Power Interpolator were obtained from the minimum, average and maximum temperatures from the data measured in 14 INMET automatic meteorological stations operating at the Petrolina-Juazeiro Development Pole. Interpolations were performed for annual, winter, spring, summer and fall seasons. The daily variation of the average relative error obtained for the year time, calculated using the data of minimum, average and maximum temperature using the value of the power of the interpolator were equal to 3.3; 3.4; and 3.4, respectively. The mean error values were small when compared to instrumental error. Keywords: interpolation, validation cross, meteorological station

The Part played by Microclimates in enabling Glossina submorsitans and G. tachinoides to withstand the high Temperatures of a West African Dry Season

1936 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. M. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Critical Zone ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

1. It has been confirmed that the lower limit of the critical zone, for fly of medium age, is 102°F. for both species; this limit is probably even lower for very old G. tachinoides.2. The adverse effect upon the fly community of a day when the maximum temperature enters the critical zone is continued among the older individuals for several days following, even though the maximum temperature on these days remains below the lower limit.3. From the mean maximum temperatures recorded over 52 days in 9 microclimates, it would appear that sites on the ground are cooler than those above the surface; the difference is not very great, the mean for the four ground sites being only 4·4°F. lower than the mean for the five above-ground sites.4. The evidence suggests that on very hot days only the ground within the true forest is safe for tsetse; in all other sites—above the ground in the true forest or on the ground in the intrusive and peripheral thickets—the temperature is liable to enter the critical zone, and may even reach the upper fatal limit.5. The tsetse community is living very close to the critical zone in the late dry season. Even the coolest ground site yielded an absolute maximum that was only 3·5°F. below the lower limit.6. Site no. 9 gives an indication of how severe the conditions might become in the true forest were the windbreaks of peripheral and intrusive thicket removed.7. In ground sites a shower of rain produces about twice as great an initial drop in temperature, and temperature remains abnormally low for about twice as long, as it does for sites above the surface of the soil.8. The duration of the period of dangerously high temperatures to which the fly community is subjected in the late dry season may be very varied; it depends upon the incidence of rain in April and May.

THE TEMPERATURES OF SURFACE FIRES IN JACK PINE BARREN: II. THE EFFECTS OF VEGETATION COVER, WIND SPEED, AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON FIRE TEMPERATURES

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1293-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Sparling ◽  
David W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
High Wind Speed ◽  
Fire Temperature ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Fire Front

The maximum temperature attained during surface fires in a jack pine barren, near Timmins, Ontario, was found to vary from 120° to 545 °C. The temperature of the fire is dependent upon a number of variables, of which vegetation biomass and height, wind speed, the speed of the fire front, and moisture content of litter and vegetation, are most important.Temperatures of fires studied depended mainly on the height and amount of burning vegetation. All fires with temperatures greater than 350 °C occurred in dense vegetation with more than 235 g/m2. The effects of wind velocity were less obvious; however, high wind speed appeared to have a cooling effect on the fire temperature.There was no evidence of any significant effect of atmospheric humidity on fire temperature.

Comparison of Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Results for a Simplified CPU/Heatsink Model

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Robinson ◽  
Mike Genova ◽  
Daniel P. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Convection Heat ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Modeling Software ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Nusselt Number Correlation

The behavior of a plate finned heatsink and simulated CPU were assessed using analytical and computational models, and these results were compared to data taken from an experimental model. The analytical model considered fin effects and after considering several options used a Nusselt number correlation for laminar flow over a flat plate to find the convection heat transfer coefficient and consequent maximum temperature at the base of the simulated CPU. Icepak thermal modeling software was utilized to create and solve the computational model. All three models considered only steady-state conditions. Maximum temperatures from the analytical, computational, and experimental models varied from one another by no more than 2% with respect to the mean temperature in Kelvin. Though these results are promising, they were achieved only through multiple refinements to the various models.

scholarly journals Analysis of Long Term Temperature Trend for Madhya Pradesh, India (1901-2005)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Rituraj Shukla ◽  
Deepak Khare ◽  
Priti Tiwari ◽  
Prabhash Mishra ◽  
Sakshi Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Temperature Time Series ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Monotonic Trend ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Temperature Time

The paper examines the impact of climatic change on the mean temperature time series for Pre-monsoon (Mar-May), Monsoon (Jun-Sept), Post-monsoon (Oct-Nov), winter (Dec-Feb) and Annual (Jan-Dec) at 45 stations in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Impact detection is accomplished by using the Mann-Kendall method to find out the monotonic trend and Sen’s slope is method is to identify the grandeur of trend for the period 1901 to 2005 (105 years). Prior to the trend analysis prominence of eloquent lag-1 serial correlation are eradicated from data by the pre-whitening method. In addition, shift year change has also been examined in the study using Pettitt’s test. From 45 stations, most of the station show symbolic hike trend at 5% significance level in the mean temperature time series for Madhya Pradesh region. During peak summer months the maximum temperature touches 40°C in the entire Madhya Pradesh. The magnitudes of annual increase in temperature in the majority of the stations are about 0.01°C.The analysis in the present study indicated that the change point year of the significant upward shift changes was 1963 for annual mean temperature time series, which can be very useful for water resources planners in the study area. The finding of the study provides more insights and inputs for the better understanding of regional temperature and shift behavior in the study area.

Natural temperature regimes for loggerhead and green turtle nests in the eastern Mediterranean

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Kaska ◽  
R Downie ◽  
R Tippett ◽  
R W Furness
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Green Turtle ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Loggerhead Turtle ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Diel Cycles ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean

Temperatures of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nests on the beaches of northern Cyprus and Turkey were examined. Electronic continuous-temperature recorders programmed by computer were placed at the top, middle, and bottom of the nests. The sex of 3-7 hatchlings from each level was determined from gonadal histology. The maximum temperature increase during the incubation period was 9.6oC for both species. The mean temperature during the middle third of the incubation period is a good indicator of the sex ratio of the clutch. The percentage of female embryos increased with temperature, 50% being female at 29°C. The mean temperature over the entire incubation period is not a good indicator of sex ratio but can be used to predict the duration of incubation period. The temperature differences within the clutch were larger in loggerhead than in green turtle nests. Eggs at the top of the nest experienced generally warmer (up to 1.4°C) conditions than eggs at the bottom of the same nest, and this caused variation in sex ratio within nests. Over all nests, the sex ratio (percent female) of hatchlings was 91% at the top, 83% at the middle, and 69% at the bottom. There was considerable interbeach thermal variation. Marked diel cycles of up to 1.5°C were detected in loggerhead turtle nests but not in the deeper nests of green turtles.

Summer Temperature and All-cause Mortality from 2006 to 2015 for Smart City Jaipur, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097206342110116
Author(s):  
Suresh K. Rathi ◽  
P. R. Sodani ◽  
Suresh Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Mean

A considerable association between temperature and all-cause mortality has been documented in various studies. Further insights can be obtained from studying the impact of temperature and heat index (HI) for Jaipur city’s all-cause mortality. The objective of this work was to assess the association between the extreme heat (daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, daily mean temperature, relative humidity and HI) and all-cause mortality for summer months (March to June) from 2006 to 2015 for urban population of Jaipur. For summer months, we collected the data on various temperature and all-cause mortality parameters for at least 10 years. The student’s t-test and ANOVA were used to analyse variations in mean temperature, maximum temperature and HI. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship between ambient heat and lag time effect all-cause mortality. A total of 75,571 deaths (all-cause mortality) for 1,203 summer days (2006–2015) were analysed in relation to temperature and relative humidity. The mean daily all-cause mortality has been estimated at 62.8 ± 15.2 for the study period. There is a significant increase of 39% per day all-cause mortality at the maximum temperature of 45 °C and above. However only 10% rise per day all-cause mortality for extreme danger days (HI > 54 °C). The mean daily all-cause mortality shows a significant association with daily maximum temperature ( F = 34.6, P < .0001) and HI (discomfort index) from caution to extreme danger risk days ( F = 5.0, P < .0019). The lag effect of extreme heat on all-cause mortality for the study period (2006 to 2015) was at a peak period on the same day of the maximum temperature ( r = 0.245 at P < .01) but continues up to four days. The study concludes that the effect of ambient heat on all-cause mortality increase is clearly evident (rise of 39% deaths/day). Accordingly, focus should be put on developing adaptation measures against ambient heat. This analysis may satisfy policy makers’ needs. Extreme heat-related mortality needs further study to reduce adverse effects on health among Jaipur’s urban population.

scholarly journals Contemporary Warming and Daily Values of Temperature (on the Example of Warsaw)

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Urszula Kossowska-Cezak
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Minimum Daily Temperature ◽  
Warming Process

Abstract This paper aims at presenting changes in everyday air temperature values, triggered by the contemporary warming process. The analysis has been based on the mean, maximum, and minimum daily temperature values measured in Warsaw between 1951 – 2003. The mean daily temperature in that period was between −24.6 and 28.4°C, absolute minimum temperature was −30.7°C, absolute maximum temperature amounted to 36.4°C. Calculations indicate that the number of days with mean temperature ≤ −5.0°C (minimum < 0.0°C, maximum < 0.0°C) in the last several years decreased. This trend slowed down at the beginning of 21st century, nevertheless, the number of days with mean daily temperature > 20.0°C and maximum temperature > 25.0°C was growing, particularly in the 1990’s and even more so in early 2000’s. Also since 1990’s, there has been increasingly more nights with minimum temperature > 15.0°C, which has been particularly apparent in 2001. Contemporary warming is then marked with an increasing frequency of the hottest days and decreasing frequency of the coldest days. These changes were asymmetrical beyond 1950’s, yet, in late 1990’s they coincided.

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