Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a multi system disorder resulting from superantigen-mediated cytokine production. Nearly 90% of the clinical cases of TSS arise due to an exotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), elaborated by toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. It is clearly established that besides antigen-specific signals a variety of costimulatory signals are required for full T cell activation. However, the nature and potential redundancy of costimulatory signals are incompletely understood, particularly with regards to superantigen-mediated T cell activation in vivo. Here we report that CD28-deficient mice (CD28-/-) are completely resistant to TSST-1-induced lethal TSS while CD28 (+/-) littermate mice were partially resistant to TSST-1. The mechanism for the resistance of the CD28 (-/-) mice was a complete abrogation of TNF-alpha accumulation in the serum and a nearly complete (90%) impairment of IFN-gamma secretion in response to TSST-1 injection. In contrast, the serum level of IL-2 was only moderately influenced by the variation of CD28 expression. CD28 (-/-) mice retained sensitivity to TNF-alpha as demonstrated by equivalent lethality after cytokine injection. These findings establish an essential requirement for CD28 costimulatory signals in TSST-1-induced TSS. The hierarchy of TSST-1 resistance among CD28 wild-type (CD28+/+), CD28 heterozygous (CD28+/-), and CD28-/- mice suggests a gene-dose effect, implying that the levels of T cell surface CD28 expression critically regulate superantigen-mediated costimulation. Finally, as these results demonstrate the primary and non-redundant role of CD28 receptors in the initiation of the in vivo cytokine cascade, they suggest therapeutic approaches for superantigen-mediated immunopathology.
A toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 mutant that defines a functional site critical for T-cell activation.
