scholarly journals Endothelial cells are a replicative niche for entry of Toxoplasma gondii to the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Konradt ◽  
Norikiyo Ueno ◽  
David A. Christian ◽  
Jonathan H. Delong ◽  
Gretchen Harms Pritchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Delivery of Therapeutic Agents to the Central Nervous System and the Promise of Extracellular Vesicles

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. René ◽  
Robin J. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Significant Barrier ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

The central nervous system (CNS) is surrounded by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a semipermeable border of endothelial cells that prevents pathogens, solutes and most molecules from non-selectively crossing into the CNS. Thus, the BBB acts to protect the CNS from potentially deleterious insults. Unfortunately, the BBB also frequently presents a significant barrier to therapies, impeding passage of drugs and biologicals to target cells within the CNS. This review provides an overview of different approaches to deliver therapeutics across the BBB, with an emphasis in extracellular vesicles as delivery vehicles to the CNS.

scholarly journals The Biology of Brain Metastasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R Langley ◽  
Isaiah J Fidler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial

BACKGROUND It is estimated that at least 200 000 cases of brain metastases occur each year in the US, which is 10 times the number of patients diagnosed with primary brain tumors. Brain metastasis is associated with poor prognosis, neurological deterioration, diminished quality of life, and extremely short survival. Favorable interactions between tumor cells and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells encourage tumor growth in the central nervous system, while tumor cell interactions with astrocytes protect brain metastases from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. CONTENT We review the pathogenesis of brain metastasis and emphasize the contributions of microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes to disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Animal models used to study brain metastasis are also discussed. SUMMARY Brain metastasis has many unmet clinical needs. There are few clinically relevant tumor models and no targeted therapies specific for brain metastases, and the mean survival for untreated patients is 5 weeks. Improved clinical outcomes are dependent on an enhanced understanding of the metastasis-initiating population of cells and the identification of microenvironmental factors that encourage disease progression in the central nervous system.

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