Abstract
Introduction/Objective
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited condition caused by defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR), leading to a higher incidence of cancers of multiple sites. Screening for LS is now recommended for new diagnoses of endometrial cancer (EC) using either two- (PMS2, MSH6) or four-antibody (2/4Ab) (PMS2, MSH6, MSH2, MLH1) immunohistochemical (IHC) panels. The 2Ab panel assumes consistent loss of expression of the minor dimer component, PMS2 or MSH6, when the major component, MLH1 or MSH2, respectively, is lost due to mutation. Recent studies have indicated that 2Ab testing may lead to underdiagnosis of MSH2-deficient tumors in cases where MSH6 staining is weak or focal, potentially leading to underdiagnosis of LS.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective study using archived slides for 293 cases of EC (identified via LIS search from 2016-2019) that were screened using the 2Ab panel (expanded to 4Ab when PMS2 or MSH6 were negative). MSH6 expression was reviewed; if weak, focal (less than 10% staining), or both, MSH2 IHC was performed. When a previously undetected loss of MSH2 expression was found, the attending clinician was informed such that referral to medical genetics could be arranged.
Results
Results Overall, 68 (23.2%) tumors were MMR deficient, with 54 (18.4%) showing MLH1/PMS2 loss, 7 (2.4%) with MSH2/MSH6 loss, 2 (0.7%) with isolated PMS2 loss, 4 (1.4%) with isolated MSH6 loss, and 6 (2.0%) with isolated MSH2 loss (i.e. intact but weak/focal MSH6, seen in biopsy and hysterectomy specimens). Interestingly, 1 tumor (1.5%) demonstrated loss of MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2. Two tumors (0.7%) with isolated MSH2 loss were previously unrecognized as MMR-deficient and hence at high risk for LS. Both cases were evaluated by PCR for microsatellite instability (MSI) and confirmed to have high-degree MSI.
Conclusion
This study identifies the frequency of mismatch repair deficient endometrial cancers in Atlantic Canada, highlights a potential pitfall of using two-stain IHC screening for Lynch syndrome, and supports emerging recommendations for universal Lynch syndrome screening in EC.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in endometrial cancer: a targetable mechanism of immune resistance in mismatch repair-deficient and intact endometrial carcinomas
