Association of breast milk gamma-linolenic acid with infant anthropometric outcomes in urban, low-income Bangladeshi families: a prospective, birth cohort study

Abstract Background/Objectives Infant linear-growth faltering remains a major public health issue in low- and middle-income countries and suboptimal breast milk composition may be a local, population-specific risk factor. The relationship between early post-natal breast milk fatty acid (FA) composition and infant growth at 1 and 2 years of age was investigated prospectively in 563 families in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Subjects/Methods A maternal breast milk sample drawn before infant age 6 weeks was analyzed for percentage composition of 26 FAs, and infant length for age Z score (LAZ) was measured longitudinally to infant age 2 years. Individual FAs were tested as predictors of the infant growth outcomes. Results Of 26 tested FAs, %gamma-linolenic acid (%GLA) was mostly significantly associated with increase in LAZ from 6 to 52 weeks (ΔLAZ(52−6w)), and also to 104 weeks. The association was consistent over all breast milk stages with estimated effect size of +0.05 ΔLAZ(52−6w) per 20% change in %GLA (p value = 3 × 10−6), and stronger for ΔLAZ(104−6w) at +0.06 (p value = 8 × 10−7), explaining 1% of the outcome variance. Infant serum zinc measurements at 6 and 18 weeks of age were included in adjusted analyses, suggesting at least partial independence of infant zinc levels. The association was strongest in 417/563 (74.1%) families with %GLA <0.2%. Breast milk arachidonic acid fraction was within normal range with weaker evidence of association in early breast milk stages. Conclusions This study found that %GLA in breast milk was independently associated with infant linear growth, albeit with small effect size, in a predominantly slum-dwelling, low-income, Bangladeshi cohort.

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Effect of play-based family-centered psychomotor/psychosocial stimulation on the development of severely acutely malnourished children under six in a low-income setting: a randomized controlled trial

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-019-1696-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Teklu Gemechu Abessa ◽

Berhanu Nigussie Worku ◽

Mekitie Wondafrash ◽

Tsinuel Girma ◽

Johan Valy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Effect Size ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Social Emotional ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Psychosocial Stimulation ◽

Low Income Setting

Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends incorporating psychosocial stimulation into the management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). However, there is little evidence about the effectiveness of these interventions for SAM children, particularly when serious food shortages and lack of a balanced diet prevail. The objective of this study was to examine whether family-based psychomotor/psychosocial stimulation in a low-income setting improves the development, linear growth, and nutritional outcomes in children with SAM. Method Children with SAM (N = 339) admitted for treatment to the Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia, were randomized to a control (n = 170) or intervention (n = 169) group. Both groups received routine medical care and nutritional treatment at the hospital. The intervention group additionally received play-based psychomotor/psychosocial stimulation during their hospital stay, and at home for 6 months after being discharged from hospital. The fine motor (FM) and gross motor (GM) functions, language (LA) and personal-social (PS) skills of the children were assessed using adapted Denver II, the social-emotional (SE) behavior was assessed using adapted Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional, and the linear growth and nutritional status were determined through anthropometric assessments. All outcomes were assessed before the intervention, upon discharge from hospital, and 6 months after discharge (as end-line). The overtime changes of these outcomes measured in both groups were compared using Generalized Estimating Equations. Results The intervention group improved significantly on GM during hospital follow-up by 0.88 points (p < 0.001, effect size = 0.26 SD), and on FM functions during the home follow-up by 1.09 points (p = 0.001, effect size = 0.22 SD). Both young and older children benefited similarly from the treatment. The intervention did not contribute significantly to linear growth and nutritional outcomes. Conclusion Psychomotor/psychosocial stimulation of SAM children enhances improvement in gross motor functions when combined with standard nutrient-rich diets, but it can enhance the fine motor functions even when such standard dietary care is not available. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered on 30 January 2017 at the US National Institute of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov) # NCT03036176.

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Anthropometry before Day 46 and Growth Velocity before 6 Months of Guatemalan Breastfed Infants Are Associated with Subclinical Mastitis and Milk Cytokines, Minerals, and Trace Elements

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxz109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 149 (9) ◽

pp. 1651-1659 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chen Li ◽

Noel W Solomons ◽

Marilyn E Scott ◽

Kristine G Koski

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Growth Velocity ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Infant Growth ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Minerals And Trace Elements

ABSTRACT Background Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland, but its association with human milk composition and infant growth is not well described. Objectives We investigated whether SCM, milk cytokines, and/or estimated intakes of milk minerals and trace elements were associated with infant anthropometry or growth velocity before 6 mo. Methods Breast milk was collected from Mam-Mayan mothers (n = 114) at both early (2–46 d) and established (4–6 mo) lactation. Concentrations of 9 elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc) analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to estimate infants’ daily intakes. Concentrations of 4 cytokines were measured. Milk concentrations and infants' estimated elemental intakes and anthropometric measurements during early and established lactation were compared by SCM status. Multiple regression was used to identify factors associated with infant growth attainment (<46 d) for infant weight- (WAZ), length- (LAZ), and head circumference-for-age (HCAZ) and weight-for-length (WLZ) z scores and with growth velocity (expressed as Δ/d) from early to established lactation. Results SCM prevalence was higher in early (30%) than established (10%) lactation. Breast milk of SCM mothers had higher cytokine concentrations and higher magnesium in early and higher selenium concentrations in both early and established lactation (Padj < 0.0121). At day 46, regression models showed inverse associations of SCM with WLZ and IL-1β with LAZ (Padj < 0.0150). In contrast, linear growth velocity was positively associated with IL-1β measured in early lactation (Padj < 0.0124), whereas cranial growth velocity was positively associated with IL-8 measured during established lactation ( Padj < 0.0124). Conclusions Despite a high prevalence of inadequate intakes, only infants’ intake of milk magnesium during early lactation was associated with linear growth velocity in breastfed infants <6 mo. Evidence shows that SCM, breast-milk cytokines, and infants' estimated intakes of select elements are independently associated with growth attainment and growth velocity during lactation.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Effect of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and anti-oxidants on the outcome of mechanically ventilated, critically ill, septic patients.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.13377007.14747118 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Marc Jeschke

Keyword(s):

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽

Mechanically Ventilated ◽

Enteral Diet

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.13378959.14821068 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Naoto Morimura ◽

Takuma Sakai

Keyword(s):

Acute Lung Injury ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Lung Injury ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Supplementation ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acid

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Comparison of Official and Friendly Matches through Acceleration, Deceleration and Metabolic Power Measures: A Full-Season Study in Professional Soccer Players

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115980 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5980

Author(s):

Hadi Nobari ◽

Sara Mahmoudzadeh Khalili ◽

Rafael Oliveira ◽

Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez ◽

Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

Total Duration ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Metabolic Power ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Premier League ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

Moderate Effect Size ◽

High Effort

Soccer is a popular team sport and highly demanding activity that requires high effort and long-term training plans. The goals of this study were to compare the accelerations, decelerations and metabolic power between official and friendly full matches, between the first and second halves of the matches, and between both halves of official and friendly matches. Twelve professional soccer players (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg; BMI, 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) participated in this study. A total of 33 official and 10 friendly matches were analyzed from the Iranian Premier League. All matches were monitored using GPSPORTS systems Pty Ltd. The following variables were selected: total duration of the matches, metabolic power, accelerations Zone1 (<2 m·s−2) (AccZ1), accelerations Zone2 (2 to 4 m·s−2) (AccZ2), accelerations Zone3 (>4 m·s−2) (AccZ3), decelerations Zone1 (<−2 m·s−2) (DecZ1), decelerations Zone2 (−2 to −4 m·s−2) (DecZ2) and decelerations Zone3 (>−4 m·s−2) (DecZ3). The major finding was shown in metabolic power, where higher values occurred in friendly matches (p < 0.05 with small effect size). Furthermore, total duration, AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were revealed to be higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches. The second half of the official matches revealed higher values for total duration compared to friendly matches (p < 0.05, moderate effect size). In conclusion, this study observed higher values of metabolic power in friendly matches compared to official matches. AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches.

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Transformation of arachidonic acid and homo-gamma-linolenic acid by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Monohydroxy acids from novel lipoxygenases

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57008-9 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 251 (24) ◽

pp. 7816-7820 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

P Borgeat ◽

M Hamberg ◽

B Samuelsson

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽

Gamma Linolenic Acid

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Transdiagnostic comparison of visual working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders ◽

10.1186/s40345-020-00217-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Catherine V. Barnes-Scheufler ◽

Caroline Passow ◽

Lara Rösler ◽

Jutta S. Mayer ◽

Viola Oertel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Working Memory ◽

Visual Working Memory ◽

Effect Size ◽

Working Memory Capacity ◽

Memory Capacity ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Full Spectrum ◽

Small Effect Size ◽

The Difference

Abstract Background Impaired working memory is a core cognitive deficit in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Its study might yield crucial insights into the underpinnings of both disorders on the cognitive and neurophysiological level. Visual working memory capacity is a particularly promising construct for such translational studies. However, it has not yet been investigated across the full spectrum of both disorders. The aim of our study was to compare the degree of reductions of visual working memory capacity in patients with bipolar disorder (PBD) and patients with schizophrenia (PSZ) using a paradigm well established in cognitive neuroscience. Methods 62 PBD, 64 PSZ, and 70 healthy controls (HC) completed a canonical visual change detection task. Participants had to encode the color of four circles and indicate after a short delay whether the color of one of the circles had changed or not. We estimated working memory capacity using Pashler’s K. Results Working memory capacity was significantly reduced in both PBD and PSZ compared to HC. We observed a small effect size (r = .202) for the difference between HC and PBD and a medium effect size (r = .370) for the difference between HC and PSZ. Working memory capacity in PSZ was also significantly reduced compared to PBD with a small effect size (r = .201). Thus, PBD showed an intermediate level of impairment. Conclusions These findings provide evidence for a gradient of reduced working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, with PSZ showing the strongest degree of impairment. This underscores the importance of disturbed information processing for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Our results are compatible with the cognitive manifestation of a neurodevelopmental gradient affecting bipolar disorder to a lesser degree than schizophrenia. They also highlight the relevance of visual working memory capacity for the development of both behavior- and brain-based transdiagnostic biomarkers.

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