scholarly journals Effect of play-based family-centered psychomotor/psychosocial stimulation on the development of severely acutely malnourished children under six in a low-income setting: a randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teklu Gemechu Abessa ◽  
Berhanu Nigussie Worku ◽  
Mekitie Wondafrash ◽  
Tsinuel Girma ◽  
Johan Valy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Psychosocial Stimulation ◽  
Low Income Setting

Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends incorporating psychosocial stimulation into the management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). However, there is little evidence about the effectiveness of these interventions for SAM children, particularly when serious food shortages and lack of a balanced diet prevail. The objective of this study was to examine whether family-based psychomotor/psychosocial stimulation in a low-income setting improves the development, linear growth, and nutritional outcomes in children with SAM. Method Children with SAM (N = 339) admitted for treatment to the Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia, were randomized to a control (n = 170) or intervention (n = 169) group. Both groups received routine medical care and nutritional treatment at the hospital. The intervention group additionally received play-based psychomotor/psychosocial stimulation during their hospital stay, and at home for 6 months after being discharged from hospital. The fine motor (FM) and gross motor (GM) functions, language (LA) and personal-social (PS) skills of the children were assessed using adapted Denver II, the social-emotional (SE) behavior was assessed using adapted Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional, and the linear growth and nutritional status were determined through anthropometric assessments. All outcomes were assessed before the intervention, upon discharge from hospital, and 6 months after discharge (as end-line). The overtime changes of these outcomes measured in both groups were compared using Generalized Estimating Equations. Results The intervention group improved significantly on GM during hospital follow-up by 0.88 points (p < 0.001, effect size = 0.26 SD), and on FM functions during the home follow-up by 1.09 points (p = 0.001, effect size = 0.22 SD). Both young and older children benefited similarly from the treatment. The intervention did not contribute significantly to linear growth and nutritional outcomes. Conclusion Psychomotor/psychosocial stimulation of SAM children enhances improvement in gross motor functions when combined with standard nutrient-rich diets, but it can enhance the fine motor functions even when such standard dietary care is not available. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered on 30 January 2017 at the US National Institute of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov) # NCT03036176.

Development of Severely Malnourished Children Who Received Psychosocial Stimulation: Six-Year Follow-up

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Grantham-McGregor ◽  
William Schofield ◽  
Christine Powell
Keyword(s):  
Home Visiting ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Psychosocial Stimulation ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Home Visiting Program

The development of 16 children who were hospitalized for severe malnutrition and participated in a home-visiting program of psychosocial stimulation was compared with that of two other groups who were also hospitalized but received standard medical care only: severely malnourished group (n = 18) and an adequately nourished one (n = 20). All groups were assessed regularly on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales and the Stanford-Binet test. Both groups of malnourished children were markedly behind the adequately nourished group on admission to the hospital and the group that received no intervention showed little sign of catching up. The intervention group caught up to the adequately nourished group in 2 years. This report covers the third year of home-visiting and the 3 years following its cessation. The intervention group showed a decline in three of the five Griffiths subscales. However, they retained a marked advantage over the nonintervention group of malnourished children on the Stanford-Binet test until the end of follow-up, showing no further decline in the last year. For height, both malnourished groups failed to catch up to the adequately nourished group. It was concluded that a relatively simple intervention can benefit the development of severely malnourished children.

scholarly journals Prenatal and postnatal lipid-based nutrient supplementation and cognitive, social-emotional, and motor function in preschool-aged children in Ghana: a follow-up of a randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maku E Ocansey ◽  
Seth Adu-Afarwuah ◽  
Sika M Kumordzie ◽  
Harriet Okronipa ◽  
Rebecca R Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Emotional Difficulties ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Nutrient Supplements

ABSTRACT Background Adequate nutrition is necessary for brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Few randomized controlled trials of supplementation during these periods have measured later developmental outcomes. Objective Our objective was to investigate the effects of provision of prenatal and postnatal lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) on child development at preschool age. Methods We conducted a follow-up study of 966 children aged 4–6 y in 2016, born to women who participated in the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements-DYAD trial conducted in Ghana in 2009–2014, representing 79% of eligible children. Women ≤20 weeks of gestation were randomized to daily LNS or multiple micronutrient (MMN) capsules during pregnancy through 6 mo postpartum or iron and folic acid (IFA) capsules during pregnancy and calcium placebo capsules during 6 mo postpartum. Children in the LNS group received LNS from 6 to 18 mo. Primary outcomes of this follow-up study were (1) a cognitive factor score based on a test battery adapted from several standard tests, 2) fine motor score (9-hole pegboard test), and (3) social-emotional difficulties (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ). Eight secondary outcomes were calculated in specific domains (e.g., language, SDQ prosocial). Analysis was by a complete case intention to treat in a 2-group comparison: LNS compared with non-LNS (MMN + IFA). Results Children in the LNS group had significantly lower social-emotional difficulties z-scores than children in the non-LNS group (adjusted for child age β = −0.12, 95% CI: −0.25, 0.02, P = 0.087; fully adjusted β = −0.16, 95% CI: −0.29, −0.03, P = 0.013). The effect of LNS on social-emotional difficulties score was larger among children living in households with lower home environment scores (P-interaction = 0.081). No other outcomes differed between the 2 intervention groups. Conclusions Provision of LNS during the first 1000 d of development improved behavioral function, particularly for children from low nurturing and stimulation households, but did not affect cognition at preschool age in this setting. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier NCT00970866.

scholarly journals A Brief Body-Mind-Spirit Group Therapy for Chinese Medicine Stagnation Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siu-man Ng ◽  
Lingli Leng ◽  
Rainbow T. H. Ho ◽  
Zhangjin Zhang ◽  
Qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Group Therapy ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Eta Squared ◽  
Physical Distress

Background. Stagnation syndrome, a diagnostic entity in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is characterized by mind-body obstruction-like symptoms. Although TCM has long-established symptom-relief treatments, a comprehensive mind-body intervention was called for. Purpose. The study evaluated the efficacy of a six-session body-mind-spirit (BMS) group therapy for persons with stagnation syndrome. Method. A 2-arm randomized controlled trial design was adopted. The control group received a parallel general TCM instruction course. Both groups completed a pretest (T0), posttest (T1), and 2-month follow-up assessment (T2). The measures included self-report scales on stagnation, depression, anxiety, physical distress, daily functioning, and positive and negative affect; the other measure was of salivary cortisol, a biological marker of stress. Results. Data on 111 adults with stagnation syndrome were included in the analysis. Completion rates were high (over 87%) for both the intervention and control groups. Repeated-measures multivariate MANOVA revealed a significant combined effect with large effect size (eta-squared = 0.42). Repeated-measures ANOVA further revealed that the intervention group showed significant improvements in stagnation, the primary outcome, with medium effect size (eta-squared = 0.11). The intervention group also showed significant improvements in depression, physical distress, everyday functioning, and negative affect (eta-squared = 0.06 to 0.13). Post hoc analysis revealed that the intervention group showed significant improvements over the control group in cortisol level at 2-month follow-up assessment (T0 versus T2) with small effect size (eta-squared = 0.05), but not at posttest (T0 versus T1). Conclusions. Overall, the findings indicate that our brief BMS group therapy intervention for stagnation syndrome is efficacious. Moreover, the intervention resulted in a number of substantial improvements in the physical and mental health domains.

scholarly journals Impact of food supplements on early child development in children with moderate acute malnutrition: A randomised 2 x 2 x 3 factorial trial in Burkina Faso

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1003442
Author(s):  
Mette F. Olsen ◽  
Ann-Sophie Iuel-Brockdorff ◽  
Charles W. Yaméogo ◽  
Bernardette Cichon ◽  
Christian Fabiansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Factorial Trial ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Moderate Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Post Hoc

Background Lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) and corn–soy blends (CSBs) with varying soy and milk content are used in treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). We assessed the impact of these supplements on child development. Methods and findings We conducted a randomised 2 × 2 × 3 factorial trial to assess the effectiveness of 12 weeks’ supplementation with LNS or CSB, with either soy isolate or dehulled soy, and either 0%, 20%, or 50% of protein from milk, on child development among 6–23-month-old children with MAM. Recruitment took place at 5 health centres in Province du Passoré, Burkina Faso between September 2013 and August 2014. The study was fully blinded with respect to soy quality and milk content, while study participants were not blinded with respect to matrix. This analysis presents secondary trial outcomes: Gross motor, fine motor, and language development were assessed using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT). Of 1,609 children enrolled, 54.7% were girls, and median age was 11.3 months (interquartile range [IQR] 8.2–16.0). Twelve weeks follow-up was completed by 1,548 (96.2%), and 24 weeks follow-up was completed by 1,503 (93.4%); follow-up was similar between randomised groups. During the study, 4 children died, and 102 children developed severe acute malnutrition (SAM). There was no difference in adverse events between randomised groups. At 12 weeks, the mean MDAT z-scores in the whole cohort had increased by 0.33 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.37), p < 0.001 for gross motor; 0.26 (0.20, 0.31), p < 0.001 for fine motor; and 0.14 (0.09, 0.20), p < 0.001 for language development. Children had larger improvement in language z-scores if receiving supplements with milk (20%: 0.09 [−0.01, 0.19], p = 0.08 and 50%: 0.11 [0.01, 0.21], p = 0.02), although the difference only reached statistical significance for 50% milk. Post hoc analyses suggested that this effect was specific to boys (interaction p = 0.02). The fine motor z-scores were also improved in children receiving milk, but only when 20% milk was added to CSB (0.18 [0.03, 0.33], p = 0.02). Soy isolate over dehulled soy increased language z-scores by 0.07 (−0.01, 0.15), p = 0.10, although not statistically significant. Post hoc analyses suggested that LNS benefited gross motor development among boys more than did CSB (interaction p = 0.04). Differences between supplement groups did not persist at 24 weeks, but MDAT z-scores continued to increase post-supplementation. The lack of an unsupplemented control group limits us from determining the overall effects of nutritional supplementation for children with MAM. Conclusions In this study, we found that child development improved during and after supplementation for treatment of MAM. Milk protein was beneficial for language and fine motor development, while suggested benefits related to soy quality and supplement matrix merit further investigation. Supplement-specific effects were not found post-intervention, but z-scores continued to improve, suggesting a sustained overall effect of supplementation. Trial registration ISRCTN42569496

scholarly journals Association of clinical features of acute viral encephalitis with mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
Khadija Rahman ◽  
MS Khaled ◽  
Marium Begum ◽  
Nasreen Begum ◽  
Azmeri Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Glasgow Coma Score ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Duration Of Hospital Stay

Background : Acute viral encephalitis is a world-wide health problem with severe morbidity, significant mortality and a high incidence of residual sequelae in survivors.Objective : To identify the association of clinical features of acute viral encephalitis with mortality and neurodevelopment outcomes.Methodology : It is a hospital based comparative observational prospective study done in Dhaka Shishu Hospital during the period of October 2005 to March 2006. Children with 1 month to 12 years of both sex presenting with specific clinical features and laboratory evidences suggestive of acute viral encephalitis (seizures, altered consciousness, features of raised intracranial pressure, cerebrospinal fluid evidences of viral encephalitis) were included. 44 children were enrolled according to inclusion criteria. Data were collected on clinical and socio demographic status. SPSS 16 version program was used for data analysis.Result : Among the 44 cases, the mean age bellow 2 years was 14 months and above 2 years was 66 months. The incidence of acute viral encephalitis was highest within first 3 years of age. Most of the mortality 8(72.73%) occurred in low income group (P=0.003). 29(66 %) patients had Glasgow Coma Score <8 on admission, low Glasgow Coma Score at presentation had significant association with outcome, 11(100%) patients who died had Glasgow Coma Score <8(P=0.003). 28(68 %) patients stayed in hospital for >7 days, indicating more time taking for improvement from acute illness. There was significant association of duration of hospital stay and outcome (P=0.008). In Neurodevelopmental assessment domains were Gross motor, Fine motor, Vision, Hearing and Cognition and impairments were different in different patients. Impairments persisting in different domain at follow up comparing with admission showed satisfactory improvement. Improvement was significant in case of Gross motor (P=.005), Fine motor (P=.08) and Cognition (P=.09).Conclusion : It was observed from this study that children with acute viral encephalitis are at high risk of mortality and morbidity. Lower age at presentation, low socio-economic status, low Glasgow Coma Score on admission and short duration of hospital stay were associated with high mortality and were at high risk of future neurodevelopmental impairmentsNorthern International Medical College Journal Vol.6(2) 2015: 50-52

scholarly journals Are Play Items and Interaction Activities at Home Associated with Developmental Outcomes in Children with Moderate Acute Malnutrition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1238-1238
Author(s):  
Meta Van den Heuvel ◽  
Harriet Babikako ◽  
Emmie Mbale ◽  
John Mukisa ◽  
Margaret Nampijja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Moderate Acute Malnutrition

Abstract Objectives To assess the association between play and interaction, and developmental outcomes in children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in a prospective cohort of hospitalized children in Malawi and Uganda (http://www.chainnetwork.org). Methods Children (age 2– 23 months) requiring hospitalization for acute illness were enrolled from January 2017 till December 2018. Children meeting WHO criteria for MAM by mean upper arm circumference (MUAC) were included in this sub-analysis. Child development was assessed using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool at discharge and 180-day follow-up. The Family Care Indicator (FCI) evaluated the number of play items and interactions in the home. Developmental outcomes at discharge and follow-up were assessed using paired t-test. Linear regression analysis examined associations between FCI score and developmental outcomes at follow-up, with adjustment for sex, prematurity, height-for-age z-score and HIV status, parental education, household assets, and maternal mental health. Results 128 children with MAM (52.3% male, mean age 11.3 months (±4.5) were included (mean MUAC 120 mm ± 3.2). Children were excluded for: pre-existing neurodisability (n = 5), death during follow-up (n = 4), and loss to follow-up (n = 22). At discharge 24.4% of the children had delays in the gross motor domain, 18.7% in the fine motor domain, 4.1% in the language domain and 7.3% in the social domain. Over the 6-month study period, significant improvements (P &lt; 0.001) in the mean difference of gross motor (1.3), fine motor (0.83) and social domain (0.59) Z-scores were observed. No significant change was identified in the language domain Z-score. Adjusted linear regression revealed that a one-point increase in the number of play items was associated with an increase in gross motor z-score of 0.16 (95% CI 0.01–0.32, P = 0.04) and a one point increase in interaction activities was associated with an increase in language z-score of 0.27 (95% CI 0.03–0.51, P = 0.03) at follow-up. Conclusions Children with MAM admitted for an acute illness showed significant improvements in developmental outcomes at 180-day follow-up. The role of play and interaction activities at home should be further investigated for their potential to promote developmental outcomes in children with MAM. Funding Sources Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

scholarly journals Association of breast milk gamma-linolenic acid with infant anthropometric outcomes in urban, low-income Bangladeshi families: a prospective, birth cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-707
Author(s):  
Josyf C. Mychaleckyj ◽  
Dadong Zhang ◽  
Uma Nayak ◽  
E. Ross Colgate ◽  
Marya Carmolli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽  
Small Effect Size

Abstract Background/Objectives Infant linear-growth faltering remains a major public health issue in low- and middle-income countries and suboptimal breast milk composition may be a local, population-specific risk factor. The relationship between early post-natal breast milk fatty acid (FA) composition and infant growth at 1 and 2 years of age was investigated prospectively in 563 families in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Subjects/Methods A maternal breast milk sample drawn before infant age 6 weeks was analyzed for percentage composition of 26 FAs, and infant length for age Z score (LAZ) was measured longitudinally to infant age 2 years. Individual FAs were tested as predictors of the infant growth outcomes. Results Of 26 tested FAs, %gamma-linolenic acid (%GLA) was mostly significantly associated with increase in LAZ from 6 to 52 weeks (ΔLAZ(52−6w)), and also to 104 weeks. The association was consistent over all breast milk stages with estimated effect size of +0.05 ΔLAZ(52−6w) per 20% change in %GLA (p value = 3 × 10−6), and stronger for ΔLAZ(104−6w) at +0.06 (p value = 8 × 10−7), explaining 1% of the outcome variance. Infant serum zinc measurements at 6 and 18 weeks of age were included in adjusted analyses, suggesting at least partial independence of infant zinc levels. The association was strongest in 417/563 (74.1%) families with %GLA <0.2%. Breast milk arachidonic acid fraction was within normal range with weaker evidence of association in early breast milk stages. Conclusions This study found that %GLA in breast milk was independently associated with infant linear growth, albeit with small effect size, in a predominantly slum-dwelling, low-income, Bangladeshi cohort.

scholarly journals Diet quality from pre-school to school age in Brazilian children: a 4-year follow-up in a randomised control study

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Rauber ◽  
Daniel J. Hoffman ◽  
Márcia Regina Vitolo
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Age

A previous study demonstrated that dietary counselling for mothers during the first year of life improved overall diet quality of children at pre-school age in a low-income population. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the long-term effect of this intervention on diet quality of children at school age and examine the tracking of dietary intake throughout childhood. The present study was a follow-up of a randomised controlled trial with children who were assessed at 3–4 years (n 345) and 7–8 years (n 307) of age. We collected two 24 h dietary recalls and assessed diet quality using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Analyses were performed by group using a paired t test and a Student's t test for independent samples. Diet quality did not differ between the intervention and control groups at 7–8 years of age (HEI score 65·2 (sd 9·5) v. 64·9 (sd 8·5)). Regarding changes in diet quality from pre-school to school age, we observed the tracking of diet quality in the control group and the loss of the intervention effect in the intervention group. In both groups, the score for fruit and milk intake decreased, while that for saturated fat and dietary variety intake increased. The score for the intakes of grains, meat and legumes, and total fat remained constant for all children. The present data provide evidence that diet quality tracks during childhood since the total HEI score did not differ over time in the control group. The decrease in score for some HEI components did not affect the overall diet quality due to the increase in score for other HEI components.

scholarly journals A randomised safety promotion intervention trial among low-income families with toddlers

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Andrea C Gielen ◽  
Laurence S Magder ◽  
Erin R Hager ◽  
Maureen M Black
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Home Safety ◽  
Safety Promotion ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Attention Control Group ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundToddler-aged children are vulnerable to unintentional injuries, especially those in low-income families.ObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of an intervention grounded in social cognitive theory (SCT) on the reduction of home safety problems among low-income families with toddlers.Methods277 low-income mother–toddler dyads were randomised into a safety promotion intervention (n=91) or an attention-control group (n=186). Mothers in the safety promotion intervention group received an eight-session, group-delivered safety intervention targeting fire prevention, fall prevention, poison control and car seat use, through health education, goal-setting and social support. Data collectors observed participants' homes and completed a nine-item checklist of home safety problems at study enrolment (baseline), 6 and 12 months after baseline. A total score was summed, with high scores indicating more problems. Linear mixed models compared the changes over time in home safety problems between intervention and control groups.ResultsThe intent-to-treat analysis indicated that the safety promotion intervention group significantly reduced safety problems to a greater degree than the attention-control group at the 12-month follow-up (between-group difference in change over time β=−0.54, 95% CI −0.05 to −1.03, p=0.035), with no significant differences at the 6-month follow-up.ConclusionsA safety promotion intervention built on principles of SCT has the potential to promote toddlers' home safety environment. Future studies should examine additional strategies to determine whether better penetration/compliance can produce more clinically important improvement in home safety practices.Trial registration numberNCT02615158; post-results.

scholarly journals A computerised tailored intervention for increasing intakes of fruit, vegetables, brown bread and wholegrain cereals in adolescent girls

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1271-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Rees ◽  
Savita Bakhshi ◽  
Alecia Surujlal-Harry ◽  
Mikis Stasinopoulos ◽  
Anna Baker
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tailored Intervention ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Brown Bread

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of a computer-generated tailored intervention leaflet compared with a generic leaflet aimed at increasing brown bread, wholegrain cereal, fruit and vegetable intakes in adolescent girls.DesignClustered randomised controlled trial. Dietary intake was assessed via three 24 h dietary recalls.SettingEight secondary schools in areas of low income and/or high ethnic diversity, five in London and three in the West Midlands, UK.SubjectsGirls aged 12–16 years participated (n 823) and were randomised by school class to receive either the tailored intervention (n 406) or a generic leaflet (n 417).ResultsAt follow-up 637 (77 %) participants completed both baseline and follow-up dietary recalls. The tailored intervention leaflet had a statistically significant effect on brown bread intake (increasing from 0·39 to 0·51 servings/d) with a smaller but significant increase in the control group also (increasing from 0·28 to 0·35 servings/d). The intervention group achieved 0·05 more servings of brown bread daily than the control group (P < 0·05), which is equivalent to 0·35 servings/week. For the other foods there were no significant effects of the tailored intervention.ConclusionsThe intervention group consumed approximately 0·35 more servings of brown bread weekly than the control group from baseline. Although this change between groups was statistically significant the magnitude was small. Evaluation of the intervention was disappointing but the tailored leaflet was received more positively in some respects than the control leaflet. More needs to be done to increase motivation to change dietary intake in adolescent girls.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document