Antigenic evolution can drive virulence evolution

AbstractEnterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and CV-A10 are the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The conformational epitopes play a vital role in monitoring the antigenic evolution, predicting dominant strains and preparing vaccines. In this study, we employed a Bioinformatics-based algorithm to predict the conformational epitopes of EV-A71 and CV-A16 and compared with that of CV-A10. Prediction results revealed that the distribution patterns of conformational epitopes of EV-A71 and CV-A16 were similar to that of CV-A10 and their epitopes likewise consisted of three sites: site 1 (on the “north rim” of the canyon around the fivefold vertex), site 2 (on the “puff”) and site 3 (one part was in the “knob” and the other was near the threefold vertex). The reported epitopes highly overlapped with our predicted epitopes indicating the predicted results were reliable. These data suggested that three-site distribution pattern may be the basic distribution role of epitopes on the enteroviruses capsids. Our prediction results of EV-A71 and CV-A16 can provide essential information for monitoring the antigenic evolution of enterovirus.

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Genetic evolution of the neuraminidase of influenza A (H3N2) viruses from 1968 to 2009 and its correspondence to haemagglutinin evolution

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.043059-0 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 93 (9) ◽

pp. 1996-2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Kim B. Westgeest ◽

Miranda de Graaf ◽

Mathieu Fourment ◽

Theo M. Bestebroer ◽

Ruud van Beek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Humoral Immunity ◽

Influenza A ◽

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Genetic Maps ◽

Genetic Evolution ◽

Human Influenza ◽

Nucleotide Level ◽

Antigenic Evolution ◽

Positively Selected Sites

Each year, influenza viruses cause epidemics by evading pre-existing humoral immunity through mutations in the major glycoproteins: the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). In 2004, the antigenic evolution of HA of human influenza A (H3N2) viruses was mapped (Smith et al., Science 305, 371–376, 2004) from its introduction in humans in 1968 until 2003. The current study focused on the genetic evolution of NA and compared it with HA using the dataset of Smith and colleagues, updated to the epidemic of the 2009/2010 season. Phylogenetic trees and genetic maps were constructed to visualize the genetic evolution of NA and HA. The results revealed multiple reassortment events over the years. Overall rates of evolutionary change were lower for NA than for HA1 at the nucleotide level. Selection pressures were estimated, revealing an abundance of negatively selected sites and sparse positively selected sites. The differences found between the evolution of NA and HA1 warrant further analysis of the evolution of NA at the phenotypic level, as has been done previously for HA.

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Molecular and antigenic evolution of human influenza A/H3N2 viruses in Quebec, Canada, 2009–2011

Journal of Clinical Virology ◽

10.1016/j.jcv.2011.09.016 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 88-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Julie Ann ◽

Jesse Papenburg ◽

Xavier Bouhy ◽

Chantal Rhéaume ◽

Marie-Ève Hamelin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Human Influenza ◽

Antigenic Evolution

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Virulence evolution of a sterilizing plant virus: Tuning multiplication and resource exploitation

Virus Evolution ◽

10.1093/ve/vex033 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Viji Vijayan ◽

Silvia López-González ◽

Flora Sánchez ◽

Fernando Ponz ◽

Israel Pagán

Keyword(s):

Plant Virus ◽

Resource Exploitation ◽

Virulence Evolution

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Virulence Evolution in Macro-Parasites

Mathematical Approaches for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Models, Methods, and Theory - The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications ◽

10.1007/978-1-4613-0065-6_11 ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 193-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Andrea Pugliese

Keyword(s):

Virulence Evolution

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Virulence evolution of a parasite infecting male and female hosts

10.1101/203687 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Alison M. Wardlaw ◽

Aneil F. Agrawal

Keyword(s):

Death Rate ◽

Host Population ◽

Reproductive Value ◽

Contact Pattern ◽

Male And Female ◽

Virulence Evolution ◽

Host Type ◽

Contact Patterns ◽

Exploitation Rate ◽

Evolutionarily Stable

AbstractParasites experience different tradeoffs between transmission and virulence in male and female hosts if the sexes vary in life history or disease-related traits. We determine the evolutionarily stable levels of exploitation by pathogens under two scenarios: an unconstrained pathogen that expresses different exploitation rates within each host type as well as a pathogen constrained to express the same exploitation rate in each sex. We show that an unconstrained horizontally-transmitted parasite evolves to express the same sex-specific exploitation rate within each sex as it would in a host population composed entirely of hosts with that sex’s resistance and intrinsic death rate. In contrast, the ESS exploitation rate of a constrained pathogen is affected by sex-differences in susceptibility and non-random contact patterns between host types that differ in resistance. As the amount of within-sex transmission increases, the ESS shifts closer to the optimum trait value in the more susceptible sex. Allowing for some degree of vertical transmission, the exploitation rate expressed in females (but not males) changes with contact pattern even in unconstrained pathogens. Differences in contact pattern and susceptibility play an important role in determining the ESS exploitation rate by shifting the reproductive value of each host type.

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