scholarly journals Analysis of changes in sodium and chloride ion transport in the skin

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iga Hołyńska-Iwan ◽  
Karolina Szewczyk-Golec
Keyword(s):  
Ion Transport ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Chloride Ion Transport

Abstract The measurement of electric potential and resistance reflect the transport of sodium and chloride ions which take place in keratinocytes and is associated with skin response to stimuli arising from external and internal environment. The aim of the study was to assess changes in electrical resistance and the transport of chloride and sodium ions, under iso-osmotic conditions and following the use of inhibitors affecting these ions’ transport, namely amiloride (A) and bumetanide (B). The experiment was performed on 104 fragments of rabbit skin, divided into three groups: control (n = 35), A—inhibited sodium transport (n = 33) and B—inhibited chloride transport (n = 36). Measurement of electrical resistance (R) and electrical potential (PD) confirmed tissue viability during the experiment, no statistically significant differences in relation to control conditions were noted. The minimal and maximal PD measured during stimulation confirmed the repeatability of the recorded reactions to the mechanical and mechanical–chemical stimulus for all examined groups. Measurement of PD during stimulation showed differences in the transport of sodium and chloride ions in each of the analyzed groups relative to the control. The statistical analysis of the PD measured in stationary conditions and during mechanical and/or mechanical–chemical stimulation proved that changes in sodium and chloride ion transport constitute the physiological response of keratinocytes to changes in environmental conditions for all applied experimental conditions. Assessment of transdermal ion transport changes may be a useful tool for assessing the skin condition with tendency to pain hyperactivity and hypersensitivity to xenobiotics.

scholarly journals Effect of non-isothermal flow on chloride ion transport in saturated concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 01022
Author(s):  
Chen Peng ◽  
Qing Wu ◽  
Jun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Ion Transport ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Convective Motion ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Isothermal Flow ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Chloride Ion Transport

The presence of a temperature difference changes the mode of motion of the fluid. The macroscopic motion of the fluid causes the relative displacement between the various parts of the fluid, which in turn affects the transfer of temperature in the medium. To investigate the effect of temperature transfer coupled fluid motion on chloride ion transport in concrete, a mesoscopic model of chloride ion transport in non-isothermal flow of concrete was established and compared with experimental data. Based on the finite element software, the influence of temperature transfer on the internal fluid motion and chloride ion transport of concrete was analyzed. And the effect of convective motion of fluid on the temperature transfer in concrete was studied. It is found that when the heating time is the same, the dynamic viscosity of the fluid in the concrete decreases with the increase of temperature; the chloride ion concentration increases with the increase of temperature at the same depth of concrete; when considering the influence of laminar flow, the temperature is transmitted faster in the concrete and exhibits uneven diffusion from high temperature to low temperature; non-isothermal flow promotes the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete, and the higher the temperature.

The Permeability of Chloride Ions in Fly Ash-Cement Pastes, Mortars and Concrete

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. A. Malek ◽  
D. M. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Cylindrical Sample ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Test Scheme ◽  
Chloride Permeability ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cement Pastes

ABSTRACTFly ash-cement pastes are known to develop fine pore structures that may retard the transport of ionic species. The rapid chloride permeability technique for studying the Cl− ion diffusion in hydrated fly ash/cement pastes, mortars and concrete was used. The technique applies an electrical potential across a cylindrical sample and measures the charge passed in a certain period of time. The results obtained on pastes and mortars cured for 28 days were reported previously and contrasted with those of neat cement pastes and mortars. The present paper reports more extensive studies made to examine the chloride permeabilities of pastes and mortars cured for up to 90 days. In addition, the effect of variable fly ash contents was examined. Concrete samples were included in the test scheme and the data were compared with pastes and mortars. Two important factors controlling the test results are discussed: first the mix design and curing conditions; second the experimental conditions during Cl− permeability measurements. In the second factor, the amount and rate of heat build up and the chloride ion concentrations are compared with the current passed. In addition, measuring current versus resistivity are critically discussed in terms of the voltage-current varistic characteristics of cement matrices.

scholarly journals The short-term rinsing of airways by N-acetylcysteine helps expectoration: The mechanism of sodium and chloride transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 362-370
Author(s):  
Iga Hołyńska-Iwan ◽  
Inga Dziembowska ◽  
Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
Keyword(s):  
Ion Transport ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sodium Ion Transport ◽  
Chloride Ion Transport ◽  
Stationary Conditions

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) mucolytic and antioxidant role is well known, but the effect on epithelial ion transport has not been yet described. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term and prolonged influence of NAC on ion transport in the epithelium. The experiment was performed on 108 fragments of rabbit tracheae. Fragments were divided into four groups: inhibited sodium (I) and chloride (II) transport, NAC with inhibited sodium (III) and NAC with inhibited chloride (IV) transport. The changes in electrophysiological parameters were measured in stationary conditions and during mechanical-chemical stimulation after immediate (15 s) and prolonged (60 min) N-acetylcysteine administration on the tissue. Each 15-second stimulation caused repeatable changes in the electric potential of the tissue. In trachea fragments with blocked chloride ion transport, significantly lower (P <0.0001) values of electric potential following prolonged NAC effect were observed when compared to short-term NAC-stimulation. The values of resistance were constant during experiments, which reflects the vitality of the tissue. Short-term NAC administration influences sodium ion transport, which is not observed in a prolonged stimulation. The use of the NAC solution to rinse the airways is of great clinical importance due to the short and intense contact with the epithelium.

The Permeability of Chloride Ions in Fly Ash-Cement Pastes, Mortars and Concrete

1987 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. A. Malek ◽  
D. M. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Cylindrical Sample ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Test Scheme ◽  
Chloride Permeability ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cement Pastes

ABSTRACTFly ash-cement pastes are known to develop fine pore structures that may retard the transport of ionic species. The rapid chloride permeability technique for studying the Cl- ion diffusion in hydrated fly ash/cement pastes, mortars and concrete was used. The technique applies an electrical potential across a cylindrical sample and measures the charge passed in a certain period of time. The results obtained on pastes and mortars cured for 28 days were reported previously and contrasted with those of neat cement pastes and mortars. The present paper reports more extensive studies made to examine the chloride permeabilities of pastes and mortars cured for up to 90 days. In addition, the effect of variable fly ash contents was examined. Concrete samples were included in the test scheme and the data were compared with pastes and mortars. Two important factors controlling the test results are discussed: first the mix design and curing conditions; second the experimental conditions during Cl- permeability measurements. In the second factor, the amount and rate of heat build up and the chloride ion concentrations are compared with the current passed. In addition, measuring current versus resistivity are critically discussed in terms of the voltage-current varistic characteristics of cement matrices.

scholarly journals Effect of Propolis Preparations on Transepithelial Electrical Potential, Resistance, and Ion Transport in In Vitro Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Paulina Smyk ◽  
Iga Hołyńska-Iwan ◽  
Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Ussing Chamber ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Ions Transport

Background. Propolis and its ethanol extract show positive germicidal, bacteriostatic, and anti-inflammatory antioxidants and regenerative properties after use on the surface of the skin. Propolis is in common use in production of cosmetics and in folk medicine. The influence of this resinous mixture on ion channels, channels located in skin cells membranes and skin electrical resistance, was not explained. Objective. The main aim of the study was the evaluation of electrophysiological skin parameters during mechanical and chemical-mechanical stimulation after use of ethanol extract of propolis and propolis ointment in comparison with iso-osmotic Ringer solution. Methods. Skin fragments were taken from white New Zealand rabbits and distributed into three experimental groups which were incubated in ethanol extract of propolis (EEP), propolis ointment, and Ringer solution. Then they were placed in a Ussing chamber to measure electrophysiological parameters values. Results. In this study the influence of EEP on changes in value of electrical potential during block of chloride ions transport at the same time was observed. Ethanol propolis extract dissolved in water increases the transepidermal sodium ions transport in contrast to propolis ointment. Conclusion. The way of preparation cosmetics, which contain propolis, has effects on transepidermal ions transport in the rabbit’s skin. The value of skin electrical resistance is changing with penetration depth of active propolis substances contained in cosmetics.

Simulation of chloride ion transport in concrete under the coupled effects of a bending load and drying–wetting cycles

2020 ◽  
Vol 241 ◽  
pp. 118045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Tongning ◽  
Zhang Lijuan ◽  
Sun Guowen ◽  
Wang Caihui ◽  
Zhang Ying ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Transport ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Bending Load ◽  
Chloride Ion Transport

Osmoregulation in the Larva of the Marine Caddis Fly, Philanisus Plebeius (Walk.) (Trichoptera)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-838
Author(s):  
JOHN P. LEADER
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Caddis Fly

1. The larva of Philanisus plebeius is capable of surviving for at least 10 days in external salt concentrations from 90 mM/l sodium chloride (about 15 % sea water) to 900 mM/l sodium chloride (about 150 % sea water). 2. Over this range the osmotic pressure and the sodium and chloride ion concentrations of the haemolymph are strongly regulated. The osmotic pressure of the midgut fluid and rectal fluid is also strongly regulated. 3. The body surface of the larva is highly permeable to water and sodium ions. 4. In sea water the larva is exposed to a large osmotic flow of water outwards across the body surface. This loss is replaced by drinking the medium. 5. The rectal fluid of larvae in sea water, although hyperosmotic to the haemolymph, is hypo-osmotic to the medium, making it necessary to postulate an extra-renal site of salt excretion. 6. Measurements of electrical potential difference across the body wall of the larva suggest that in sea water this tissue actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the body.

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