scholarly journals Human volunteer study of the decontamination of chemically contaminated hair and the consequences for systemic exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Collins ◽  
Thomas James ◽  
Felicity Southworth ◽  
Louise Davidson ◽  
Natalie Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Human Volunteer ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Systemic Bioavailability ◽  
Volunteer Study ◽  
Careful Management

AbstractThe decontamination of exposed persons is a priority following the release of toxic chemicals. Efficacious decontamination reduces the risk of harm to those directly affected and prevents the uncontrolled spread of contamination. Human studies examining the effectiveness of emergency decontamination procedures have primarily focused on decontaminating skin, with few examining the decontamination of hair and scalp. We report the outcome of two studies designed to evaluate the efficacy of current United Kingdom (UK) improvised, interim and specialist mass casualty decontamination protocols when conducted in sequence. Decontamination efficacy was evaluated using two chemical simulants, methyl salicylate (MeS) and benzyl salicylate (BeS) applied to and recovered from the hair of volunteers. Twenty-four-hour urinary MeS and BeS were measured as a surrogate for systemic bioavailability. Current UK decontamination methods performed in sequence were partially effective at removing MeS and BeS from hair and underlying scalp. BeS and MeS levels in urine indicated that decontamination had no significant effect on systemic exposure raising important considerations with respect to the speed of decontamination. The decontamination of hair may therefore be challenging for first responders, requiring careful management of exposed persons following decontamination. Further work to extend these studies is required with a broader range of chemical simulants, a larger group of volunteers and at different intervention times.

scholarly journals Author Correction: Human volunteer study of the decontamination of chemically contaminated hair and the consequences for systemic exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Collins ◽  
Thomas James ◽  
Felicity Southworth ◽  
Louise Davidson ◽  
Natalie Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Human Volunteer ◽  
Volunteer Study

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Evaluating the impact of decontamination interventions performed in sequence for mass casualty chemical incidents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Collins ◽  
Natalie Williams ◽  
Felicity Southworth ◽  
Thomas James ◽  
Louise Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Human Volunteer ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Uv Photography ◽  
Chemical Incidents ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Skin

Abstract The Initial Operational Response (IOR) to chemical incidents is a suite of rapid strategies including evacuation, disrobe and improvised and interim decontamination. IOR and Specialist Operational Response (SOR) decontamination protocols involving mass decontamination units would be conducted in sequence by UK emergency services following a chemical incident, to allow for safe onward transfer of casualties. As part of a series of human volunteer studies, we examined the effectiveness of IOR and SOR decontamination procedures alone and in sequence. Specifically, we evaluated the additional contribution of SOR, when following improvised and interim decontamination. Two simulants, methyl salicylate (MeS) with vegetable oil and benzyl salicylate (BeS), were applied to participants’ skin. Participants underwent improvised dry, improvised wet, interim wet, specialist decontamination and a no decontamination control. Skin analysis and UV photography indicated significantly lower levels of both simulants remaining following decontamination compared to controls. There were no significant differences in MeS levels recovered between decontamination conditions. Analysis of BeS, a more persistent simulant than MeS, showed that recovery from skin was significantly reduced following combined IOR with SOR than IOR alone. These results show modest additional benefits of decontamination interventions conducted in sequence, particularly for persistent chemicals, supporting current UK operational procedures.

Human volunteer study on the inhalational and dermal absorption of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) from the vapour phase

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bader ◽  
Renate Wrbitzky ◽  
Meinolf Blaszkewicz ◽  
Michael Schäper ◽  
Christoph van Thriel
Keyword(s):  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Human Volunteer ◽  
Volunteer Study

scholarly journals A Human Volunteer Study to Determine the Prebiotic Effects of Lactulose Powder on Human Colonic Microbiota

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran M. Tuohy ◽  
Cherie J. Ziemer ◽  
Annett Klinder ◽  
Yvonne Knöbel ◽  
Beatrice L. Pool-Zobel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Volunteer ◽  
Colonic Microbiota ◽  
Volunteer Study

Pharmacokinetic analysis of an all intraperitoneal carboplatin and paclitaxel regimen in ovarian cancer patients demonstrates favorable systemic bioavailability of both agents

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5008-5008 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Krasner ◽  
M. V. Seiden ◽  
A. F. Fuller ◽  
M. Roche ◽  
C. L. Verrill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Systemic Availability ◽  
Systemic Bioavailability

5008 Background: A phase III trial (GOG172) demonstrated improved survival for patients with newly diagnosed and optimally debulked ovarian cancer treated with intraperitoneal (ip) cisplatin and paclitaxel (P), given both as a 24 h iv infusion and ip, as compared with standard iv dosing. Studies to further enhance efficacy and minimize toxicity of ip taxane/platinum regimens are needed. Because adequate systemic drug exposure is thought to be essential for maximum therapeutic benefit of ip chemotherapy, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and bioavailability of ip P and carboplatin (C) were determined in this pt population in a phase II trial to evaluate dosing by the ip route alone. Methods: P 60 mg/m2 once a week and C at an AUC 6 every weeks were infused over 1 h, iv in cycle 1 and ip in the 5 subsequent 21-day cycles. Plasma samples were collected during week 1 of cycles 1, 2 and 6. P was measured by LC/MS and free platinum (fPt) was determined by flameless atomic absorption. Results: PK data is available for 14 pts receiving at least 1 cycle of ip therapy and for 7 pts who received all 5 cycles. When given ip, P achieved a peak conc. in plasma (Cmax) of 0.086 ± 0.034 μM (mean ± SD) at 6.4 ± 2.2 h, 22-times lower than Cmax for iv infusion (1.92 ± 0.80 μM). Thereafter, P plasma levels were comparable for both routes and decayed at similar rates with a half-life of 13.9 ± 4.1 h for iv and 13.7 ± 2.2 h for ip dosing. The systemic bioavailability of ip P was 53 ± 19% for the initial dose and 46 ± 10% in cycle 6. P plasma levels exceeded 0.05 μM, the pharmacologic threshold conc., for >20 h upon ip dosing in 67% (10/15) and 71% (5/7) of pts in cycles 2 and 6, respectively. C was rapidly absorbed into systemic circulation when given ip with a Cmax of 83 ± 11 μM for fPt at 1.6 ± 0.2 h in cycle 2. Consistent with prior reports, systemic availability of fPt exceeded 100% (133 ± 22% in cycle 2; 142 ± 47% in cycle 6). Conclusions: Weekly ip P 60 mg/m2 with ip C (AUC 6) every 3 weeks achieved a potentially effective pattern of systemic exposure to both agents in a majority of pts. The cumulative time that P plasma levels are >0.05 μM per cycle of therapy is likely to be longer than provided by the iv/ip dosing regimen for P (135 mg/m2 24 h iv infusion day 1; 60 mg/m2 ip day 8) used in GOG172. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Canadian emergency department preparedness for a nuclear, biological or chemical event

CJEM ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kollek
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
September 11Th ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Mass Casualty Event ◽  
Chemical Event ◽  
Antidotal Therapy

ABSTRACTSince the terror attacks of September 11th, emergency departments across North America have become more aware of the need to be prepared to deal with a mass casualty terror event, particularly one involving nuclear, biological or chemical contaminants. The effects of such an attack could also be mimicked by accidental release of toxic chemicals, radioactive substances or biological agents unrelated to terrorist activity.The purpose of this study was to review the risks and characteristics of these events and to assess the preparedness of Canadian emergency departments to respond. This was done by means of a survey, which showed a significant risk of a mass casualty event (most likely chemical) coupled with a deficiency in preparedness — most notably in the availability of appropriate equipment, antidotal therapy and decontamination capability. There were also significant deficiencies in the ability to respond to a major biologic or nuclear event.

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