scholarly journals Dynamic compression of water to conditions in ice giant interiors

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Gleason ◽  
D. R. Rittman ◽  
C. A. Bolme ◽  
E. Galtier ◽  
H. J. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
Body Centered Cubic ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Planetary Interiors ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source

AbstractRecent discoveries of water-rich Neptune-like exoplanets require a more detailed understanding of the phase diagram of H2O at pressure–temperature conditions relevant to their planetary interiors. The unusual non-dipolar magnetic fields of ice giant planets, produced by convecting liquid ionic water, are influenced by exotic high-pressure states of H2O—yet the structure of ice in this state is challenging to determine experimentally. Here we present X-ray diffraction evidence of a body-centered cubic (BCC) structured H2O ice at 200 GPa and ~ 5000 K, deemed ice XIX, using the X-ray Free Electron Laser of the Linac Coherent Light Source to probe the structure of the oxygen sub-lattice during dynamic compression. Although several cubic or orthorhombic structures have been predicted to be the stable structure at these conditions, we show this BCC ice phase is stable to multi-Mbar pressures and temperatures near the melt boundary. This suggests variable and increased electrical conductivity to greater depths in ice giant planets that may promote the generation of multipolar magnetic fields.

scholarly journals 7 Å resolution in protein two-dimensional-crystal X-ray diffraction at Linac Coherent Light Source

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1647) ◽  
pp. 20130500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Pedrini ◽  
Ching-Ju Tsai ◽  
Guido Capitani ◽  
Celestino Padeste ◽  
Mark S. Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Ultrashort Pulses ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source ◽  
Coherent Light Source

Membrane proteins arranged as two-dimensional crystals in the lipid environment provide close-to-physiological structural information, which is essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms of protein function. Previously, X-ray diffraction from individual two-dimensional crystals did not represent a suitable investigational tool because of radiation damage. The recent availability of ultrashort pulses from X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has now provided a means to outrun the damage. Here, we report on measurements performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source XFEL on bacteriorhodopsin two-dimensional crystals mounted on a solid support and kept at room temperature. By merging data from about a dozen single crystal diffraction images, we unambiguously identified the diffraction peaks to a resolution of 7 Å, thus improving the observable resolution with respect to that achievable from a single pattern alone. This indicates that a larger dataset will allow for reliable quantification of peak intensities, and in turn a corresponding increase in the resolution. The presented results pave the way for further XFEL studies on two-dimensional crystals, which may include pump–probe experiments at subpicosecond time resolution.

scholarly journals Ronchi shearing interferometry for wavefronts with circular symmetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1461-1469
Author(s):  
Bob Nagler ◽  
Eric C. Galtier ◽  
Shaughnessy B. Brown ◽  
Philip Heimann ◽  
Gilliss Dyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Simple Algorithm ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
Circular Symmetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source ◽  
Phase Plates ◽  
Focused Beam ◽  
Coherent Light Source

Ronchi testing of a focused electromagnetic wave has in the last few years been used extensively at X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facilities to qualitatively evaluate the wavefront of the beam. It is a quick and straightforward test, is easy to interpret on the fly, and can be used to align phase plates that correct the focus of aberrated beams. In general, a single Ronchigram is not sufficient to gain complete quantitative knowledge of the wavefront. However the compound refractive lenses that are commonly used at X-ray FELs exhibit a strong circular symmetry in their aberration, and this can be exploited. Here, a simple algorithm that uses a single recorded Ronchigram to recover the full wavefront of a nano-focused beam, assuming circular symmetry, is presented, and applied to experimental measurements at the Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source.

scholarly journals X-ray–optical cross-correlator for gas-phase experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser

2012 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 121107 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schorb ◽  
T. Gorkhover ◽  
J. P. Cryan ◽  
J. M. Glownia ◽  
M. R. Bionta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source ◽  
Coherent Light Source

scholarly journals Transmission electron microscopy as a tool for nanocrystal characterization pre- and post-injector

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1647) ◽  
pp. 20130322 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Stevenson ◽  
D. P. DePonte ◽  
A. M. Makhov ◽  
James F. Conway ◽  
O. B. Zeldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source

Recent advancements at the Linac Coherent Light Source X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) enabling successful serial femtosecond diffraction experiments using nanometre-sized crystals (NCs) have opened up the possibility of X-ray structure determination of proteins that produce only submicrometre crystals such as many membrane proteins. Careful crystal pre-characterization including compatibility testing of the sample delivery method is essential to ensure efficient use of the limited beamtime available at XFEL sources. This work demonstrates the utility of transmission electron microscopy for detecting and evaluating NCs within the carrier solutions of liquid injectors. The diffraction quality of these crystals may be assessed by examining the crystal lattice and by calculating the fast Fourier transform of the image. Injector reservoir solutions, as well as solutions collected post-injection, were evaluated for three types of protein NCs (i) the membrane protein PTHR1, (ii) the multi-protein complex Pol II-GFP and (iii) the soluble protein lysozyme. Our results indicate that the concentration and diffraction quality of NCs, particularly those with high solvent content and sensitivity to mechanical manipulation may be affected by the delivery process.

scholarly journals Compound refractive lenses as prefocusing optics for X-ray FEL radiation

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Heimann ◽  
Michael MacDonald ◽  
Bob Nagler ◽  
Hae Ja Lee ◽  
Eric Galtier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
Angular Aperture ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source ◽  
Coherent Light Source

The performance of X-ray free-electron laser beamlines may be limited by the angular aperture. Compound refractive lenses (CRLs) can be employed to prefocus the X-ray beam, thereby increasing the beamline transmission. A prefocusing CRL was implemented in the X-ray transport of the Matter under Extreme Conditions Instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source. A significant improvement in the beamline transmission was calculated over the 3–10 keV photon energy range. At 5 keV, the relative X-ray intensity was measured and a factor of four increase was seen in the beamline transmission. The X-ray focus was also determined by the ablation imprint method.

scholarly journals Development and calibration of mirrors and gratings for the soft x-ray materials science beamline at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Soufli ◽  
Mónica Fernández-Perea ◽  
Sherry L. Baker ◽  
Jeff C. Robinson ◽  
Eric M. Gullikson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source ◽  
Coherent Light Source

scholarly journals The soft x-ray instrument for materials studies at the linac coherent light source x-ray free-electron laser

2012 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 043107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Schlotter ◽  
J. J. Turner ◽  
M. Rowen ◽  
P. Heimann ◽  
M. Holmes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source ◽  
Coherent Light Source
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