scholarly journals HES and Mox genes are expressed during early mesoderm formation in a mollusk with putative ancestral features

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Sachslehner ◽  
Elisabeth Zieger ◽  
Andrew Calcino ◽  
Andreas Wanninger
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Band Formation ◽  
Muscle Formation ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Enhancer Of Split

AbstractThe mesoderm is considered the youngest of the three germ layers. Although its morphogenesis has been studied in some metazoans, the molecular components underlying this process remain obscure for numerous phyla including the highly diverse Mollusca. Here, expression of Hairy and enhancer of split (HES), Mox, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) was investigated in Acanthochitona fascicularis, a representative of Polyplacophora with putative ancestral molluscan features. While AfaMHC is expressed throughout myogenesis, AfaMox1 is only expressed during early stages of mesodermal band formation and in the ventrolateral muscle, an autapomorphy of the polyplacophoran trochophore. Comparing our findings to previously published data across Metazoa reveals Mox expression in the mesoderm in numerous bilaterians including gastropods, polychaetes, and brachiopods. It is also involved in myogenesis in molluscs, annelids, tunicates, and craniates, suggesting a dual role of Mox in mesoderm and muscle formation in the last common bilaterian ancestor. AfaHESC2 is expressed in the ectoderm of the polyplacophoran gastrula and later in the mesodermal bands and in putative neural tissue, whereas AfaHESC7 is expressed in the trochoblasts of the gastrula and during foregut formation. This confirms the high developmental variability of HES gene expression and demonstrates that Mox and HES genes are pleiotropic.

scholarly journals Calcineurin plays a modulatory role in loading-induced regulation of type I myosin heavy chain gene expression in slow skeletal muscle

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. R1037-R1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clay E. Pandorf ◽  
Weihua H. Jiang ◽  
Anqi X. Qin ◽  
Paul W. Bodell ◽  
Kenneth M. Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Chain Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
Thyroid State

The role of calcineurin (Cn) in skeletal muscle fiber-type expression has been a subject of great interest because of reports indicating that it controls the slow muscle phenotype. To delineate the role of Cn in phenotype remodeling, particularly its role in driving expression of the type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene, we used a novel strategy whereby a profound transition from fast to slow fiber type is induced and examined in the absence and presence of cyclosporin A (CsA), a Cn inhibitor. To induce the fast-to-slow transition, we first subjected rats to 7 days of hindlimb suspension (HS) + thyroid hormone [triiodothyronine (T3)] to suppress nearly all expression of type I MHC mRNA in the soleus muscle. HS + T3 was then withdrawn, and rats resumed normal ambulation and thyroid state, during which vehicle or CsA (30 mg·kg−1·day−1) was administered for 7 or 14 days. The findings demonstrate that, despite significant inhibition of Cn, pre-mRNA, mRNA, and protein abundance of type I MHC increased markedly during reloading relative to HS + T3 ( P < 0.05). Type I MHC expression was, however, attenuated by CsA compared with vehicle treatment. In addition, type IIa and IIx MHC pre-mRNA, mRNA, and relative protein levels were increased in Cn-treated compared with vehicle-treated rats. These findings indicate that Cn has a modulatory role in MHC transcription, rather than a role as a primary regulator of slow MHC gene expression.

scholarly journals FGF signaling induces mesoderm in members of Spiralia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Andrikou ◽  
Andreas Hejnol
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mesoderm Induction ◽  
Fgf Signaling ◽  
Mesoderm Development ◽  
Molecular Patterning ◽  
Gene Expression Analyses ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Mesoderm Patterning

AbstractFGF signaling is involved in mesoderm induction in deuterostomes, but not in flies and nematodes, where it has a role in mesoderm patterning and migration. However, comparable studies in other protostomic taxa are missing in order to decipher whether this mesoderm-inducing function of FGF extends beyond the lineage of deuterostomes. Here, we investigated the role of FGF signaling during mesoderm development in three species of lophophorates, a clade within the protostome group Spiralia. Our gene expression analyses show that the molecular patterning of mesoderm development is overall conserved between brachiopods and phoronids, but the spatial and temporal recruitment of transcription factors differs significantly. Moreover, inhibitor experiments demonstrate that FGF signaling is involved in mesoderm formation, morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and posterior axial elongation. Our findings suggest that the inductive role of FGF in mesoderm possibly predates the origin of deuterostomes.

High-abundance mRNAs in human muscle: comparison between young and old

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Welle ◽  
Kirti Bhatt ◽  
Charles A. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Altered Gene Expression ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
Different Levels

To gain a better understanding of the potential role of altered gene expression in the diminished muscle function in old age, we performed a broad search for transcripts expressed at quantitatively different levels in younger (21–24 yr) and older (66–77 yr) human vastus lateralis muscle by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Because SAGE was based on RNA pooled from muscle of several different subjects, relative concentrations of selected mRNAs also were determined in individual muscle samples by quantitative RT-PCR. There were 702 SAGE tags detected at least 10 times in one or both mRNA pools, and the detection frequency was different (at P < 0.01) between young and older muscle for 89 of these. The ratio of myosin heavy chain 2a mRNA to myosin heavy chain 1 mRNA was reduced in older muscle. The mRNAs encoding several mitochondrial proteins involved in electron transport (including several subunits of cytochrome- c oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase) and subunits of ATP synthase were ∼30% less abundant in older muscle. Several mRNAs encoding enzymes involved in glucose metabolism also were less abundant in older muscle. Analysis of individual samples revealed that the differences suggested by SAGE were not artifacts of atypical gene expression in one or a few individuals. These data suggest that some of the phenotypic changes in senescent muscle may be related to altered gene transcription.

scholarly journals Activation of SIRT1, a class III histone deacetylase, contributes to fructose feeding-mediated induction of the α-myosin heavy chain expression

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. H1388-H1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyothish B. Pillai ◽  
Martin Chen ◽  
Senthilkumar B. Rajamohan ◽  
Sadhana Samant ◽  
Vinodkumar B. Pillai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Pressure Overload ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Adult Mice

Fructose feeding has been shown to induce the cardiac α-myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression and protect the heart from ischemia- and reperfusion-mediated cell injury. This study was designed to investigate the mechanism involved in the effect of this sugar on MHC gene expression and cardiac protection. Adult mice were fed with a 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) diet or PTU combined with a fructose-rich diet. PTU treatment made animals hypothyroid and that resulted in total replacement of cardiac α-MHC with the β-MHC isoform. Addition of fructose in the PTU diet led to reexpression of the α-MHC isoform to a significant level. Similar induction of α-MHC expression was also seen when PTU diet was combined with resveratrol, an agonist of sirtuin (SIRT) 1 deacetylase. Analysis of heart lysate of these animals indicated that fructose feeding augmented the NAD-to-NADH ratio and the cardiac SIRT1 levels, thus suggesting a role of SIRT1 in fructose-mediated activation of α-MHC isoform. To analyze a direct effect of SIRT1 on MHC isoform expression, we generated transgenic mice expressing SIRT1 in the heart. Treatment of these transgenic mice with PTU diet did not lead to disappearance of α-MHC, as it did in the nontransgenic animals. SIRT1 overexpression also activated the α-MHC gene promoter in transient transfection assays, thus confirming a role of SIRT1 in the induction of α-MHC expression. Fructose feeding also attenuated the MHC isoform shift and blocked the cardiac hypertrophy response associated with pressure overload, which was again associated with the induction of cardiac SIRT1 levels. These results demonstrate that fructose feeding protects the heart by induction of the SIRT1 deacetylase and highlight its role in the induction of α-MHC gene expression.

Role of Dynein Axonemal Heavy Chain 6 Gene Expression as a Possible Biomarker for Huntington’s Disease: a Translational Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena B. Areal ◽  
Lorraine P. Pereira ◽  
Fabiola M. Ribeiro ◽  
Isabella G. Olmo ◽  
Marcelo R. Muniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Translational Study

scholarly journals The Importance of Multidisciplinary Approach in Early Detection of BAP1 Tumor Predisposition Syndrome: Clinical Management and Risk Assessment

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. CMO.S15239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Cancer Susceptibility ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cancer Syndrome ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tumor Types

Germline BAP1 (BRCA1-associated protein-1) mutations are involved into a novel specific cancer syndrome and strictly associated with a high cancer susceptibility. Recent data suggest that BAP1 has activity toward target substrates explaining why loss of BAP1 causes a pro-tumorigenic deregulation of gene expression. The recently published data reviewed raise the hypothesis that BAP1 regulates a common subset of substrates, which in turn causes a pro-tumorigenic deregulation of gene expression, and alternatively suggest the role of BAP1 as tumorigenesis suppressor/promoter also by independent mechanisms. The clinical phenotype of BAP1 alterations includes MBAITs (melanocytic BAP1-mutated atypical intradermal tumors), uveal melanoma (UM), cutaneous melanoma (CM), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), mesothelioma (MM), and possibly several other tumors. In clinical practice, early diagnosis is crucial for curative resection of all these tumor types. The uniformed and unambiguous definition of MBAITs as clinical/pathological predictive markers could provide physicians means to identify patients who may carry germline BAP1 mutations and thus could be at high risk of developing CM, UM, MM, RCC, and possibly other tumors. As part of a novel multidisciplinary approach, physicians, pathologists, and clinicians involved into diagnostics should be aware of the histological features and the spectrum of tumors associated with BAP1 loss. Further clinical, epidemiological, and functional studies are required to fully explain the roles of BAP1 and its interaction partners in neoplasia, to define mechanisms behind shared and non-shared clinical and pathological criteria.

scholarly journals Circadian regulation of Limulus visual functions: A role for octopamine and cAMP

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 518-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasbir S. Dalal ◽  
Barbara-Anne Battelle
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Circadian Regulation ◽  
Physiology And Biochemistry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Camp Levels ◽  
Camp Cascade

Abstract The purpose of this contribution is to review our current understanding of the source and biochemistry of the circadian efferent input to the eyes of the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus and the impact of this input on the structure, physiology and biochemistry of Limulus eyes. Special emphasis is given to the role of the biogenic amine octopamine and biochemical cascades it activates in the eyes. In addition to reviewing published data, we present new data showing that octopamine elevates cAMP levels in Limulus lateral eyes, and we partially characterize the pharmacology of the receptors involved in this response. We also present new data showing that octopamine regulates gene expression in Limulus lateral eyes by activating a cAMP cascade.

Role of small nuclear RNAs in eukaryotic gene expression

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Valadkhan ◽  
Lalith S. Gunawardane
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Rna Stability ◽  
Splice Sites ◽  
Branch Site ◽  
Small Nuclear Rnas ◽  
Eukaryotic Gene Expression ◽  
Eukaryotic Gene ◽  
Rna Biogenesis

Eukaryotic cells contain small, highly abundant, nuclear-localized non-coding RNAs [snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs)] which play important roles in splicing of introns from primary genomic transcripts. Through a combination of RNA–RNA and RNA–protein interactions, two of the snRNPs, U1 and U2, recognize the splice sites and the branch site of introns. A complex remodelling of RNA–RNA and protein-based interactions follows, resulting in the assembly of catalytically competent spliceosomes, in which the snRNAs and their bound proteins play central roles. This process involves formation of extensive base-pairing interactions between U2 and U6, U6 and the 5′ splice site, and U5 and the exonic sequences immediately adjacent to the 5′ and 3′ splice sites. Thus RNA–RNA interactions involving U2, U5 and U6 help position the reacting groups of the first and second steps of splicing. In addition, U6 is also thought to participate in formation of the spliceosomal active site. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests additional roles for snRNAs in regulation of various aspects of RNA biogenesis, from transcription to polyadenylation and RNA stability. These snRNP-mediated regulatory roles probably serve to ensure the co-ordination of the different processes involved in biogenesis of RNAs and point to the central importance of snRNAs in eukaryotic gene expression.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document