scholarly journals “Ancient DNA” reveals that the scientific name for an extinct tortoise from Cape Verde refers to an extant South American species

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kehlmaier ◽  
Luis F. López-Jurado ◽  
Nayra Hernández-Acosta ◽  
Antonio Mateo-Miras ◽  
Uwe Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
South American ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Ams Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Scientific Name

AbstractWe examined the type material of the extinct tortoise species Geochelone atlantica López-Jurado, Mateo and García-Márquez, 1998 from Sal Island, Cape Verde, using aDNA approaches and AMS radiocarbon dating. High-quality mitochondrial genomes obtained from the three type specimens support that all type material belongs to the same individual. In phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial genomes of all species groups and genera of extant and some recently extinct tortoises, the type material clusters within the extant South American red-footed tortoise Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix, 1824). Our radiocarbon date indicates that the tortoise from which the type series of G. atlantica originates was still alive during 1962 and 1974. These results provide firm evidence that the type material of G. atlantica does not belong to the Quaternary tortoise bones excavated on Sal Island in the 1930s, as originally thought. Thus, the extinct tortoise species remains unstudied and lacks a scientific name, and the name G. atlantica has to be relegated into the synonymy of C. carbonarius. The circumstances that led to this confusion currently cannot be disentangled.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial genomes and phylogenetic analysis of Central American weakly-electric fishes: Apteronotus rostratus, Brachyhypopomus occidentalis and Sternopygus dariensis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celestino Aguilar ◽  
Matthew J. Miller ◽  
Jose R. Loaiza ◽  
Rüdiger Krahe ◽  
Luis F. De León
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Electric Organ ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Central American ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Neotropical Fishes ◽  
Electric Fishes

AbstractElectric fishes are a diverse group of freshwater organisms with the ability to generate electric organ discharges (EODs) that are used for communication and electrolocation. Over 200 species have originated in South America, but of these, only a few have managed to colonize the Central American Isthmus. Here, we assembled two complete and one nearly complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) for three Central American Gymnotiformes: Sternopygus dariensis, Brachyhypopomus occidentalis and Apteronotus rostratus. We then explored the three species’ phylogenetic position in the context of South American electric fishes. Mitogenomes were organized in the standard fish mitogenome order, and presented sizes of 16,600, 16,540 and 15,940 base pairs (bp) (nearly complete) for S. dariensis, B. occidentalis and A. rostratus, respectively. We uncovered a novel 60 bp intergenic spacer (IGS) located between the COII and tRNALys genes, which appears to be unique to the Apteronotidae. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships supported the traditional monophyly of Gymnotiformes, with the three species positioned within their respective family. In addition, the genus Apteronotus was placed as the basal taxon of the order. Finally, we found high sequence divergence (13.3%) between our B. occidentalis specimen and a sequence previously reported in GenBank, suggesting that the prior mitogenome of B. occidentalis represents a different South American species that was misidentified. Indeed, phylogenetic analyses using Cytochrome b gene across the genus placed the previously reported individual within B. bennetti. Our study provides novel mitogenome resources that will advance our understanding of the diversity and phylogenetic history of Neotropical fishes.

scholarly journals Identification key to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). III. Male genitalia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Anice Mureb Sallum ◽  
Ranulfo González Obando ◽  
Nancy Carrejo ◽  
Richard C. Wilkerson
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
South American ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Accurate Identification

Abstract Background Accurate identification of the species of Anopheles Meigen, 1818 requires careful examination of all life stages. However, morphological characters, especially those of the females and fourth-instar larvae, show some degree of polymorphism and overlap among members of species complexes, and sometimes even within progenies. Characters of the male genitalia are structural and allow accurate identification of the majority of species, excluding only those in the Albitarsis Complex. In this key, based on the morphology of the male genitalia, traditionally used important characters are exploited together with additional characters that allow robust identification of male Anopheles mosquitoes in South America. Methods Morphological characters of the male genitalia of South American species of the genus Anopheles were examined and employed to construct a comprehensive, illustrated identification key. For those species for which specimens were not available, illustrations were based on published illustrations. Photographs of key characters of the genitalia were obtained using a digital Canon Eos T3i attached to a light Diaplan Leitz microscope. The program Helicon Focus was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure. Results An illustrated key to South American species of Anopheles based on the morphology of the male genitalia is presented, together with a glossary of morphological terms. The male genitalia of type-specimens of previously poorly documented species were also examined and included in the key, e.g. Anopheles (Anopheles) tibiamaculatus (Neiva, 1906) which has a unique quadrangular-shaped aedeagus with an apical opening. Conclusions Male genitalia of South American species of Anopheles possess robust characters that can be exploited for accurate species identification. Distortion that can occur during the dissection and mounting process can obstruct accurate identification; this is most evident with inadvertent damage or destruction of unique features and interferes with correctly assigning shapes of the features of the ventral claspette. In some species, the shape, and anatomical details of the aedeagus also need to be examined for species identification. For members of the Myzorhynchella Series, both ventral and dorsal claspettes possess multiple characteristics that are herein used as reliable characters for species identification.

The Homoptera types described by John Scott in the family Delphacidae (Hemiptera)

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Wilson ◽  
M.D. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Type Material ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
The Family

AbstractThe work of the British hemipterist John Scott (1823 - 1888) is outlined with particular reference to the Delphacidae (Homoptera). Details of his collection in the BMNH and Bolton Museum are given and the type material of 20 European and one South American species of Delphacidae, described by Scott, is documented. The following new synonymies are established: Scottianella Anufriev (= Lamprvdelphax Fennah), Florodelphax leplosoma (Flor) (=Liburnia guararnanensis Scott), Flastena jumipennis (Fieber) ( = Libumia lelhierryi Scott) and Toya propinqua (Fieber) (= Liburnia marshalli Scott). Ten lectotypes are designated.

A REVIEW OF THE SPIDER GENUS PHILODROMUS IN THE AMERICAS (ARANEIDA: PHILODROMIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Dondale ◽  
J. H. Redner
Keyword(s):  
Junior Synonym ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Species Status ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Species Groups

AbstractPhilodromus Walckenaer 1826 and its seven component species groups in the Americas are defined and diagnosed. The 12 species of the aureolus group are keyed, diagnosed, and mapped. P. obscurus Blackwail, 1871 is placed in synonymy under P. cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802). P. lutulentus Gertsch, 1934 is raised to species status from synonymy under P. laticeps Keyserling, 1880, and P. eremus Buckle, 1973 is placed in synonymy under P. lutulentus. P. agreutes Schick, 1965 is placed in synonymy under P. californicus Keyserling, 1884, and P. decolor O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 under P. satullus Keyserling, 1880. The South American species P. fuliginosus Nicolet in Gay, 1849, P. junior Nicolet in Gay, 1849, and P. meridionalis Keyserling, 1891 are removed to the genus Petrichus, and P. setosus Petrunkevitch, 1929 is removed to the genus Thanatus, where it becomes a junior synonym of T. vulgaris Simon, 1870.

A review of the Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus and Pseudomyrmex goeldii species groups: acacia-ants and relatives (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4227 (4) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP S. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
South American ◽  
Dead Twig ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Previous Diagnosis ◽  
Acacia Ants ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Definition Of

The Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus group contains the Mesoamerican acacia-ants, an assemblage of species that inhabit and protect swollen-thorn acacias (Vachellia spp.). Recent phylogenetic studies have confirmed the existence of two generalist (dead twig-inhabiting) species that are embedded within the P. ferrugineus group. They are described here as P. evitus sp. nov. (occurring from Mexico to Costa Rica) and P. feralis sp. nov. (Guatemala). The morphological definition of the P. ferrugineus group is revised to incorporate additional variability in the worker and queen castes. The previous diagnosis of the males, based largely on features of the genitalia, requires little revision. Closely related to the P. ferrugineus group is a clade of five predominantly South American species, here designated and diagnosed as the P. goeldii group. The five species, P. goeldii (Forel), P. laevifrons Ward, P. micans sp. nov., P. obtusus sp. nov., and P. parvulus sp. nov., are characterized and illustrated. P. laevifrons and P. micans are closely related and difficult to distinguish, possibly reflecting incomplete isolation. Keys are provided for the identification of the species in both groups. 

Cheilanthes ecuadorensis: A New Species of Cheilanthes s. s. (Pteridaceae) from Northern South America

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Karla Sosa ◽  
Kathleen M. Pryer ◽  
Layne Huiet ◽  
George Yatskievych ◽  
Michael D. Windham
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Species Discovery ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
A New Species

Abstract— Ongoing research on the taxonomically complex genus Cheilanthes (Pteridaceae; Cheilanthoideae) has resulted in the identification of a new species from Loja Province in Ecuador, Cheilanthes ecuadorensis, described and illustrated herein. Originally collected in 1988 and identified as C. cf. rufopunctata, C. ecuadorensis is clearly distinct from that species in having pubescent adaxial blade surfaces and narrow, poorly-differentiated false indusia (rather than the glabrous adaxial surfaces and wide false indusia of C. rufopunctata). Among the South American species currently included in Cheilanthes, C. ecuadorensis is superficially most similar to C. pilosa. However, our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that C. ecuadorensis is sister to C. micropteris, the morphologically disparate generitype of Cheilanthes. Here we examine the phylogenetic relationships, morphology, cytogenetics, and geography of these four South American Cheilanthes species in a study that, once again, highlights the importance of herbaria in the process of new species discovery.

Phylogenetic relationships among southern South American species of Camptosema, Galactia and Collaea (Diocleinae: Papilionoideae: Leguminosae) on the basis of molecular and morphological data

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana M. Sede ◽  
Daniela Tosto ◽  
Paola Talia ◽  
Melissa Luckow ◽  
Lidia Poggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Aflp Data ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Good Support

The neotropical genus Camptosema in its southern distribution is represented by the following four species: Ca. paraguariense, Ca. praeandinum, Ca. rubicundum and Ca. scarlatinum. Ca. rubicundum is the only species with all the diagnostic characters of the genus, i.e. tubular calyx. The other three taxa are related morphologically and cytologically to Galactia and Collaea, two closely allied genera in the subtribe Diocleinae. Individual and combined phylogenetic analyses of morphology, ITS and trnL-F were conducted to examine the position of these species as well as to explore their relationship with Galactia and Collaea species in southern South America. In none of the analyses does Camptosema species form a monophyletic group. Instead, they are scattered in different groups. These results together with cytological, morphological and AFLP data provide good support for re-evaluating the taxonomic position of these species within Camptosema.

scholarly journals A revision of the genus Mesoconius Enderlein (Diptera, Micropezidae, Taeniapterinae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
South America ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Tree ◽  
Andean South America ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
One New Species

The Neotropical genus Mesoconius Enderlein, 1922 is revised with the redescription or diagnosis of 20 previously described South American species, the description of one new species of the M. infestus group (M. triunfo sp. nov.) from Mexico and the description of 32 new species in four species groups from Andean South America (M. eques group: M. albiseta sp. nov., M. albitergum sp. nov., M. anchitarsus sp. nov., M. cosanga sp. nov., M. epandribarba sp. nov., M. hirsutimamma sp. nov., M. nigripleuron sp. nov., M. noteques sp. nov., M. pasachoa sp. nov., M. rufipleuron sp. nov. and M. suzukii sp. nov.; M. infestus group: M. acca sp. nov., M. albipedis sp. nov., M. nigricephala sp. nov. and M. notacca sp. nov.; M. nono group: M. aurantium sp. nov., M. bipleuron sp. nov., M. garyi sp. nov., M. nono sp. nov., M. reinai sp. nov., M. uchumachi sp. nov., M. woytkowskii sp. nov. and M. zorro sp. nov.; M. oblitus group: M. apa sp. nov., M. apicalis sp. nov., M. gelbifacies sp. nov., M. keili sp. nov., M. lobopoda sp. nov., M. nigra sp. nov., M. quadritheca sp. nov., M. rex sp. nov. and M. ruficrus sp. nov.). Calobata eques Schiner, 1868 is transferred from Cliobata Enderlein, 1923 to Mesoconius and all South American species previously treated as Zelatractodes Enderlein, 1922 are transferred to Mesoconius. Mesoconius aeripennis Enderlein, 1922 is synonymized with M. eques, M. enderleini Frey, 1927 is synonymized with M. infestus Enderlein, 1922 and Aristobata melini Frey, 1927 is synonymized with M. filipes (Enderlein, 1922). Mesoconius garleppi (Enderlein, 1922) is newly recognized as a subjective junior homonym and given the replacement name Mesoconius ottoi nom. nov. A maximum likelihood tree is provided for 29 species of Mesoconius sequenced for the barcode region of CO1 and a key is provided for all South American species of Mesoconius.

scholarly journals Illustrated catalogue of type specimens of Volutidae (Gastropoda) in the Malacological Collection of the Museo de La Plata, Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-93
Author(s):  
Verónica Núñez ◽  
Cristina Damborenea ◽  
Gustavo Darrigran
Keyword(s):  
Large Series ◽  
Type Material ◽  
South American ◽  
Multiple Views ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Marine Gastropod ◽  
Label Data ◽  
La Plata

The Malacology Collection of the Museo de La Plata contains more 13,000 lots from various regions of Argentina and other South American countries. The Collection also includes 511 type lots. Among the oldest type specimens are a large series of marine gastropod from Patagonia which were studied by Fernando Lahille in 1895. He was one of the first’s naturalists of the Museo de La Plata, and there between 1893 and 1899, he made several studies in zoology. During that time, he described three species and forty varieties of Volutidae. Herein, we compare Lahille’s type specimens, label data, number, and specimen information to the original descriptions and illustrations of these taxa. Each taxon has been photographed in multiple views. This historic type material is entirely composed of shells. This work is the first of a series of photographic catalogues of type material from the Malacology Collection of the Invertebrate Division of Museo de La Plata.

A review of the South American species of Heilus Kuschel, 1955 (Curculionidae: Molytinae: Molytini: Hylobiina) with emphasis on those from Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4861 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-187
Author(s):  
ALINE DE OLIVEIRA LIRA ◽  
WESLEY OLIVEIRA DE SOUSA ◽  
GERMANO HENRIQUE ROSADO-NETO ◽  
GEANE BRIZZOLA DOS SANTOS ◽  
MARINÊZ ISAAC MARQUES
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Type Material ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eleven Species

The fourteen described South American species of Heilus (Curculionidae, Molytinae, Molytini, Hylobiina) are reviewed for the first time. Eleven species are redescribed based on specimens (almost exclusively from Brazil) examined by us: H. bistigma (Hustache, 1938), H. faldermanni (Boheman, 1836), H. fasciculatus (Boheman, 1843), H. freyreissi (Boheman, 1836), H. inaequalis (Boheman, 1836) [= type species of the genus], H. iniquus (Kirsch, 1874), H. myops (Boheman, 1836), H. ochrifer (Boheman, 1843), H. pupillatus (Olivier, 1790), H. rufescens (Boheman, 1836), and H. tuberculosus (Perty, 1832). Diagnoses of one additional Brazilian species, Heilus admixtus (Hustache, 1938), and two additional South American species, H. asperulus (Erichson, 1847), and H. inornatus (Kirsch, 1874), are presented based on the literature and by examination of images of the type material. Integument texture and the variations in the patterns of maculation are the main characteristics used for species identification. Geographic distribution, descriptions of male and female genitalia are provided for eleven redescribed species, together with habitus photographs, and an identification key to the fourteen described South American species. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document