scholarly journals Targeted memory reactivation in REM but not SWS selectively reduces arousal responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel C. Hutchison ◽  
Stefania Pezzoli ◽  
Maria-Efstratia Tsimpanouli ◽  
Mahmoud E. A. Abdellahi ◽  
Penelope A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Memory Reactivation ◽  
Emotional Memories ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Subjective Arousal ◽  
Spontaneous Reactivation

AbstractA growing body of evidence suggests that sleep can help to decouple the memory of emotional experiences from their associated affective charge. This process is thought to rely on the spontaneous reactivation of emotional memories during sleep, though it is still unclear which sleep stage is optimal for such reactivation. We examined this question by explicitly manipulating memory reactivation in both rapid-eye movement sleep (REM) and slow-wave sleep (SWS) using targeted memory reactivation (TMR) and testing the impact of this manipulation on habituation of subjective arousal responses across a night. Our results show that TMR during REM, but not SWS significantly decreased subjective arousal, and this effect is driven by the more negative stimuli. These results support one aspect of the sleep to forget, sleep to remember (SFSR) hypothesis which proposes that emotional memory reactivation during REM sleep underlies sleep-dependent habituation.

scholarly journals 0086 Targeted Memory Reactivation during Slow-Wave Sleep Modulates the Neural Correlates of Emotional Memory and Arousal Processing in Women

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A35-A36
Author(s):  
Maria-Efstratia Tsimpanouli ◽  
Isabel C Hutchison ◽  
Martyn McFarquhar ◽  
Rebecca Elliott ◽  
Jules Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Memory Reactivation

scholarly journals Slow oscillation-spindle coupling impairs emotional memory consolidation following stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Denis ◽  
Sara Y. Kim ◽  
Sarah M. Kark ◽  
Ryan T. Daley ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kensinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Slow Oscillation ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Comparable Control ◽  
Low Cortisol ◽  
And Control

AbstractSleep and stress have both been shown to enhance emotional memory consolidation. They also interact, with the largest benefit of sleep on emotional memory being seen when stress occurs either shortly before or after memory encoding. Slow wave sleep (SWS) is believed to be critical for episodic memory consolidation, facilitated by the coupling of slow oscillations and sleep spindles. However, prior work in humans has only demonstrated slow oscillation-spindle coupling to be associated with consolidation of neutral information in non-stressed participants. Whether coupling interacts with stress to facilitate emotional memory consolidation is unknown. To address this exploratory question, we reanalyzed an existing dataset of N=64 individuals. Participants underwent a psychosocial stressor (n=32) or comparable control (n=32) prior to the encoding of 150 line drawings of neutral, positive, and negative images. All participants then slept overnight with polysomnographic recordings. The next day, they were given a surprise memory test. In the stress group, percentage of time spent in SWS was positively correlated with memory for images of all valences (all r>.35, p<.043). Results were primarily driven by those who showed a high cortisol response to the stressor (all r>.65, p<.007), compared to low cortisol responders (all r<.31, all p>.25). However, the amount of slow oscillation-spindle coupling during SWS was negatively associated with neutral (r= −.45, p=.01) and emotional (r=−.66, p<.001) memory in the stress group. The negative association with emotional memory was significantly stronger than for neutral memory (Meng z=2.04, p=.04). Between stress and control groups, there were no differences in any of the sleep measures assessed. These results highlight the importance of considering sleep microarchitecture events in addition to overall sleep stage time and suggests that stress may alter the relationship between SWS and memory consolidation.

scholarly journals Self-Conscious Affect Is Modulated by Rapid Eye Movement Sleep but Not by Targeted Memory Reactivation–A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto Halonen ◽  
Liisa Kuula ◽  
Tommi Makkonen ◽  
Jaakko Kauramäki ◽  
Anu-Katriina Pesonen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Skin Conductance Response ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Memory Reactivation ◽  
Individual Vulnerability ◽  
Shame Proneness

The neurophysiological properties of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) are believed to tune down stressor-related emotional responses. While prior experimental findings are controversial, evidence suggests that affective habituation is hindered if REMS is fragmented. To elucidate the topic, we evoked self-conscious negative affect in the participants (N = 32) by exposing them to their own out-of-tune singing in the evening. Affective response to the stressor was measured with skin conductance response and subjectively reported embarrassment. To address possible inter-individual variance toward the stressor, we measured the shame-proneness of participants with an established questionnaire. The stressor was paired with a sound cue to pilot a targeted memory reactivation (TMR) protocol during the subsequent night's sleep. The sample was divided into three conditions: control (no TMR), TMR during slow-wave sleep, and TMR during REMS. We found that pre- to post-sleep change in affective response was not influenced by TMR. However, REMS percentage was associated negatively with overnight skin conductance response habituation, especially in those individuals whose REMS was fragmented. Moreover, shame-proneness interacted with REM fragmentation such that the higher the shame-proneness, the more the affective habituation was dependent on non-fragmented REMS. In summary, the potential of REMS in affective processing may depend on the quality of REMS as well as on individual vulnerability toward the stressor type.

Stress and Sleep Interact to Selectively Consolidate and Transform Negative Emotional Memories

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-188
Author(s):  
Jessica D. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Initial Experience ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Emotional Memories ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Memory consolidation processes can be highly selective. For example, negative emotional aspects of events tend to be consolidated more readily than other, more neutral, aspects. This chapter discusses evidence that the sleeping brain provides an ideal environment for memory consolidation, and that active, as opposed to passive, sleep-based consolidation processes are particularly important in explaining why emotional memories are retained so well. I also review evidence that elevated levels of stress hormones (cortisol, norepinephrine), particularly during the time of the initial experience, support downstream emotional memory consolidation. The chapter then proposes a working model that describes why arousal and stress at encoding may set the stage for sleep to etch emotional memories in the brain on a long-lasting basis and presents recent data to support this model. However, in addition to promoting the consolidation and stabilization of emotional memories, evidence suggests that sleep and stress also transform memories—in both adaptive and maladaptive ways. Memory for negative emotional experiences, while adaptive in general, can also contribute to the etiology and perpetuation of clinical conditions such as depression and anxiety. Thus, I argues that it is possible to have “too much of a good thing” and suggests ways that the transformative nature of stress and sleep might be used to restructure maladaptive memories in the clinic.

scholarly journals Zolpidem Maintains Memories for Negative Emotions Across a Night of Sleep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine C. Simon ◽  
Lauren N. Whitehurst ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Sara C. Mednick
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Sleep Complaints ◽  
Picture Memory ◽  
Negative Memory

AbstractZolpidem, a common medication for sleep complaints, also shows secondary, unexpected memory benefits. We previously found that zolpidem prior to a nap enhanced negative, highly arousing picture memory. As zolpidem is typically administered at night, how it affects overnight emotional memory processing is relevant. We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject, cross-over design to investigate if zolpidem boosted negative compared to neutral picture memory. Subjects learned both pictures sets in the morning. That evening, subjects were administered zolpidem or placebo and slept in the lab. Recognition was tested that evening and the following morning. We found that zolpidem maintained negative picture memory compared to forgetting in the placebo condition. Furthermore, zolpidem increased slow-wave sleep time, decreased rapid eye movement sleep time, and increased the fast spindle range in NREM. Our results suggest that zolpidem may enhance negative memory longevity and salience. These findings raise concerns for zolpidem administration to certain clinical populations.

scholarly journals 0109 Slow Wave Sleep Time and Its Oscillatory Features Show Opposite Associations with Emotional Memory Consolidation Following Stress

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A43-A43
Author(s):  
D Denis ◽  
S Y Kim ◽  
S M Kark ◽  
R T Daley ◽  
S E Alger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
National Science Foundation Grant ◽  
Stress Group

Abstract Introduction Sleep and stress can both enhance emotional memory consolidation. During slow wave sleep (SWS), oscillatory features such as slow oscillations (SO), sleep spindles (SS), and critically, their coupling, are believed to facilitate consolidation. How they relate to emotional memory consolidation is less clear, and how stress interacts with these oscillations is unknown. Methods In this study, participants either underwent a psychosocial stressor (the Trier Social Stress Task; n = 32) or a control task (n=32). Next, they encoded 150 neutral, negative, and positive images while undergoing fMRI. Participants then spent the night in the lab with polysomnographic recording. The next day they were given a surprise recognition test. Results There was better memory for emotional compared to neutral items in the stress group. Within this group, % of time spent in SWS positively correlated with emotional memory consolidation (r=.37, p=.039). However, SO-SS coupling during SWS was negatively correlated with emotional memory consolidation in the stress group (r=-.47, p=.007). This was driven by participants who showed a high cortisol response following the stressor (cortisol * coupling interaction p=.03) Results were similar when negative and positive items were analyzed separately. No correlations with neutral item memory were found. Conclusion Sleep stage time and sleep oscillatory activity exert different effects on emotional memory following stress, and that SO-SS coupling does not always promote episodic memory consolidation. SO-SS coupling can impair emotional memories when encoded during periods of elevated stress, and accompanying neuromodulators such as cortisol are high. Support National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Number: BXS-1539361

scholarly journals Kindness toward One’s Self and Body: Exploring Mediational Pathways between Early Memories and Disordered Eating

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia Ferreira ◽  
Sara Oliveira ◽  
Ana Laura Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Body Appreciation ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Eating Psychopathology ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Emotional Memories ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
The Impact

AbstractRecent literature has emphasized the role played by early emotional experiences on body image and eating-related psychopathology. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the link between positive rearing experiences and eating psychopathology remain scarcely explored. Thus, this study aimed to explore a model in which it was hypothesized that early emotional experiences, characterized by warmth, safeness, and soothing, are negatively associated with disordered eating through higher levels of self-compassion and a more positive and caring relationship with one’s own body. The study’s sample comprised 490 women who completed an Internet based survey comprising self-report measures of interest. Path analysis’ results revealed that self-compassion and body appreciation fully mediated the impact of early positive emotional memories on eating psychopathology, when controlling the effect of age and Body Mass Index. The plausibility of the path model was examined by the Chi-Square and the several fit indicators which revealed a very good fit, accounting for 49% of eating psychopathology’s variance. Specifically, results demonstrated that 13% of self-compassion’s variance was explained by positive early emotional memories. Also, early positive memories showed both direct and indirect (via self-compassion) positive effects on body appreciation, accounting for 34% of its variance. Additionally, results revealed that positive early emotional experiences predicted lower levels of disordered eating, via higher levels of self-compassion and body appreciation. By emphasizing the importance role of self-compassion and body appreciation against body image and eating psychopathology, the current study may offer important insights for future research and for the development of intervention programs.

scholarly journals Sleep’s impact on emotional memory: A meta-analysis of whole-night, nap, and REM sleep effects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Schäfer ◽  
Benedikt E. Wirth ◽  
Marlene Staginnus ◽  
Nicolas Becker ◽  
Tanja Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Neutral Material

SummaryNumerous studies have shown that sleep enhances the consolidation of episodic memory. However, it remains unclear whether this consolidation benefit is moderated by the emotional valence of the learned material. To clarify whether sleep selectively enhances the consolidation of emotional material, we conducted a meta-analysis including N = 1,059 observations. Overall, our results do not support this hypothesis. When only studies with a sleep-group wake-group comparison were included in the analysis (k = 22), the retention advantage for emotional over neutral material was not significantly different between sleep and wake groups. When studies initially lacking a wake-control group were included in the analysis after statistical estimation of wake-group parameters, the retention advantage for emotional material was significantly larger in wake-groups than in sleep-groups (k = 34). Interestingly, however, an additional analysis of k = 8 studies investigating the selective effects of rapid-eye-movement sleep and slow-wave sleep on emotional memory consolidation provided evidence for a selective enhancement of emotional over neutral memory consolidation after rapid-eye-movement sleep compared to slow-wave sleep. These results suggest that sleep does not generally enhance emotional memory consolidation over neutral memory consolidation. However, specific sleep stages might preferentially enhance consolidation of emotional and neutral material, respectively.

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