This study was designed to assess whether nucleic acid stains such as propidium iodide and Hoechst 33258 and the cytosolic stain eosin identified equivalent proportions of non-viable cells. Sub-samples of boar spermatozoa stored for up to 72 h, and frozen bull spermatozoa stored in straws and thawed before staining, were exposed to either propidium iodide or Hoechst 33258 alone or in combination. Additional sub-samples were stained with eosin-nigrosin and subsequently with Giemsa. The proportion of non-viable cells identified by propidium iodide alone was equivalent to that observed when it was used in combination with the other fluorescent probe. Similar results were observed for Hoechst 33258. However, direct microscopic examination of sub-samples exposed to both stains revealed that a proportion of spermatozoa stained with propidium iodide did not incorporate Hoechst 33258. This was found consistently in boar and bull spermatozoa under the different experimental conditions used. Quantification showed that the proportion of propidium iodide-positive cells was significantly higher than Hoechst 33258-positive cells. Furthermore, the proportion of propidium iodide-positive cells was higher than cells stained with eosin, but no differences were found between the number of cells stained with Hoechst 33258 or eosin. The proportion of cells stained with propidium iodide was positively correlated with the proportion stained with either Hoechst 33258 or eosin, despite the observation that more cells incorporated propidium iodide. Taken together, these results indicate that there are differences in the ability of fluorescent probes to identify non-viable sperm cells and that this should be considered when staining protocols are used to analyse sperm viability, or when viability is used as a discriminating factor in functional studies, such as those related to acrosomal exocytosis.
MCL1 is phosphorylated in the PEST region and stabilized upon ERK activation in viable cells, and at additional sites with cytotoxic okadaic acid or taxol
