Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to characterize the materials released by lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells at thermal runaway conditions. Commercial AAA-size, rechargeable, 3.7-V, 350-mAh, Li-ion battery cells were heated in a N2-atmosphere tubular chamber up to about 165 °C to induce thermal decomposition. Through measurements of the chamber internal temperature and LIBS emission intensities over time the onset temperature of thermal runaway (â143 °C) and the duration of the cells outgassing (> 40 minutes) were determined. Relatively high intensity atomic emissions from C, H, F, Li, Na, and P were detected at different times during the heating experiments. The detection of analytes such as C and H was continuous over time. On the contrary, detection of F, Na, Li, and P was more irregular, indicating the presence of solid-phase analytes or analyte-bearing particles. A calibration scheme for estimation of the total mass/volume concentration of all carbon-based species sampled within the laser-induced plasma was developed.
Dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (DµSPE) with graphene oxide as adsorbent for sensitive elemental analysis of aqueous samples by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
