Naturally occurring phenolic sources: monomers and polymers

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (42) ◽  
pp. 21712-21752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bimlesh Lochab ◽  
Swapnil Shukla ◽  
Indra K. Varma

Phenolic compounds sourced from agro-based feedstock, viz. cashew nut shell liquid, lignin, tannin, palm oil, and coconut shell tar, have come up as sustainable alternatives to petro-based feedstock. This review explores their utility as green polymer feedstock with citation of ~ 600 references.

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Jonas Nogueira Maia ◽  
Francisco Wirley Paulino Ribeiro ◽  
José Hilton Gomes Rangel ◽  
Diego Lomonaco ◽  
Francisco Murilo Tavares Luna ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (04) ◽  
pp. 1850174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. UDHAYASANKAR ◽  
B. KATHIKEYAN

This study concentrates more on biocomposite as a matrix, a derivative of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), and its development of Cardanol Resin (CR), along with coconut shell Particle (CSP) as a filler, obliging the environmental concerns as a mandatory one due to the pressure from the consumer, which forces manufacturing sector to seek some other alternative, as lucrative one is for betterment of the humanity also, thereby such sophistication of “green” composite with much potential application can easily thrive on. In this mix, the particle size (25, 50 and 75[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m) and particle loading (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) on the CR were reinforced with CSP polymer matrix through compression molding. This is the assessed impact of morphological Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while particles load on mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and the hardness. They can also see the absorption of water. While doing so, it has been clearly observed that the tensile strength and flexural strength values expanded up to 30% of particle content, for all particle sizes of the particles and afterward, we could note that it diminished for higher particle content. Experimental results indicated that the maximum tensile strength and flexural strength of 30% of CSP/CR composite increase for 25, 50 and 75[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m by 31, 25 and 19% with that of 46, 37 and 27%, respectively, as compared with those of neat CR. The expansion of CSP in composite expanded the hardness and the % of water absorption. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the composite surfaces demonstrates that there are genuinely better interfacial connection and appropriation between coconut shell particles and CR matrix.


2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Elizabeth Griffin ◽  
Lisa Louise Dean

Cashew nuts are the second most popular tree nut in the US with sales growing at a rate of 7% per annum. The highest quality cashew nuts are traditionally whole, oil-roasted, and devoid of skins. The development of a technique to remove the caustic cashew nut shell liquid from cashews and leave the skins intact allows for the production of novel cashew products including skin-on or “wrapped” in addition to raw and dry roasted products. This study investigated the nutritional characteristics of these newer cashew products. These products were found to contain bioactive compounds including mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, arginine, magnesium, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. All the types of cashews exhibited higher levels of phytosterols than the amounts reported for other tree nuts. The skin-on cashews had higher levels of phenolic compounds compared to the other cashew varieties tested, indicating additional health benefits of consuming cashew nuts with skins. 


2013 ◽  
Vol 483 ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Hui Yang ◽  
Zhi Min Wang ◽  
Fei Jing ◽  
Li Hong Hu ◽  
Yong Hong Zhou

Cardanol, as one of components of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), is a mixture of 3-n-pentadecylphenol, 3-(pentadeca-8-enyl)phenol, 3-(pentadeca-8,11-dienyl)phenol and 3-(pentadeca-8,11,14-trienyl)phenol. It has both the characteristics of phenolic compounds and flexibility of aliphatic compounds. As a versatile industrial raw materials, it has been widely used as modifiers of the phenolic resin, rubber plasticizers, coatings and adhesives etc. Specially, cardanol-based surfactants have been reported using with long-chain alkyl moieties as lipophilic group in recent years. Herein, the application of this natural and renewable material to both academic and industrial research of cardanol-based surfactants will be discussed.


Author(s):  
H. N. Dike ◽  
A. Dosunmu ◽  
B. Kinigoma ◽  
O. Akaranta

The need to convert waste-to-wealth motivated this research. Huge amount of by-products generated in the processing stage of cashew nut is treated as waste and dumped in the environment. The waste contains a dark liquid rich in natural and renewable phenolic material known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Owing to the phenolic composition and structural features of CNSL, different types of naturally occurring as well as modified natural cellulose based polymers have been synthesized and used to substitute synthetic and petroleum based polymers for various applications. In this study, naturally occurring liquid from cashew nut shell was extracted, modified and characterized as additive for drilling fluid formulations. The study adopted solvent extraction technique using soxhlet apparatus, acetone and cashew nut shell. The liquid extract was further modified using amines respectively. In the condensation reaction, 100 mls of the cashew nut shell was used to react with 7.3 ml ethanol-amines, 27.58 ml diethanol-amine (DEA) and 38.2 ml triethanol-amine (TEA) respectively. The mixtures were sulphonated with sulphamic acid as catalyst at a temperature ranging from 100ºC to 140ºC. The reaction mixtures were stirred continually for an hour (1hr.) and water of esterification was collected as by-product of the reaction which was an indication of complete reaction. Biodegradable, cheap and renewable esters were obtained. To elucidate on the chemical structure, the esters were subjected to elemental analysis using the FTIR instrument. The results of the FTIR analysis revealed that N-H and C-H stretching vibrations which were absent in CNSL, were present in the modified compounds, attesting that in deed new compounds have been formed. The physico-chemical properties of the extract was analysand the result showed an agreement with existing literature. These products, in combination with the right additives, and conditions could be potential multi-purpose additives in drilling operation. This will help to reduce the cost of importing synthetic oilfield additives, creating job opportunities and boosting the local content goal.


2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubi C. Mary ◽  
Eby Thomas Thachil

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