Discriminating the formation origin of calcium oxalate monohydrate in kidney stones via synchrotron microdiffraction

The search for an efficient drug or inhibitor in the formation process of kidney stones has been a promising research topic towards reducing the risks of the formation of disease. However, several challenges have been faced in investigating the most common constituents of kidney stones, calcium oxalate and its hydrate forms (COM, COD and COT). This study focuses on the preparation and structural characterization (TG, XRD, FTIR, SEM) of calcium oxalate hydrates in the presence of gallic acid (GA) and by varying operating parameters such as temperature (25 °C, 36.5 °C and 48 °C), pH (5.6, 6.5 and 7.5) and amount of added GA (ranging from 100 mg to 1000 mg). Response surface methodology was applied in order to evaluate the effects of operating parameters in the formation of COM and COD, and for the process optimization towards maximizing their content in samples. The results indicated that GA inhibited the formation of COM (0–100%) and promoted the formation of COD (0 ≤ 99%), while a medium pH and the amount of added GA showed a significant effect in the process of COD formation. In order to investigate the interactions established in the formation process and the possible adsorption between GA and the formed crystals, electrochemical measurements were performed.

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Adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to renal epithelial cells is inhibited by specific anions

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1995.268.4.f604 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 268 (4) ◽

pp. F604-F612 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

J. C. Lieske ◽

R. Leonard ◽

F. G. Toback

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Cell Surface ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Chondroitin Sulfate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽

Apical Surface ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Renal Epithelial Cells ◽

Renal Tubular Cells

Adhesion of urinary crystals to the apical surface of renal tubular cells could be a critical step in the formation of kidney stones. The interaction between renal epithelial cells (BSC-1 line) and the most common crystal in kidney stones, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), was studied in a tissue culture model system. COM crystals bound to the cell surface within seconds in a concentration-dependent manner to a far greater extent than did brushite, another calcium-containing crystal found in urine. Adhesion of COM crystals to cells was blocked by the polyanion, heparin. Other glycosaminoglycans including chondroitin sulfate A or B, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid, but not chondroitin sulfate C, prevented binding of COM crystals. Two nonsulfated polyanions, polyglutamic acid and polyaspartic acid, also blocked adherence of COM crystals. Three molecules found in urine, nephrocalcin, uropontin, and citrate, each inhibited binding of COM crystals, whereas Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) did not. Prior exposure of crystals but not cells to inhibitory molecules blocked adhesion, suggesting that these agents exert their effect at the crystal surface. Inhibition of crystal binding followed a linear Langmuir adsorption isotherm for each inhibitor identified, suggesting that these molecules bind to a single class of sites on the crystal that are important for adhesion to the cell surface. Inhibition of crystal adhesion by heparin was rapidly overcome by the polycation protamine, suggesting that the glycosaminoglycan regulates cell-crystal interactions in a potentially reversible manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Microstructures of Randall’s plaques and their interfaces with calcium oxalate monohydrate kidney stones reflect underlying mineral precipitation mechanisms

Urolithiasis ◽

10.1007/s00240-016-0925-2 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 235-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ingo Sethmann ◽

Gunnar Wendt-Nordahl ◽

Thomas Knoll ◽

Frieder Enzmann ◽

Ludwig Simon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽

Mineral Precipitation ◽

Randall’S Plaques

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Chemical and morphological analysis of kidney stones: a double-blind comparative study

Acta Cirurgica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-86502010000500011 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 444-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Silvia Fernandes Ribeiro da Silva ◽

Djamile Cordeiro de Matos ◽

Sônia Leite da Silva ◽

Elizabeth De Francesco Daher ◽

Henry de Holanda Campos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Morphological Analysis ◽

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Minor Components ◽

Double Blind ◽

Stone Composition ◽

Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate

PURPOSE: To compare chemical to morphological kidney stone composition analysis based on a sample of 50 stones retrieved from patients at a nephrology service. METHODS: The chemical analysis was performed with a Bioclin® kit, while a 10-mm magnifying glass (10x; Prolabo, Paris, France) was employed in the morphological analysis. Findings obtained with the two methods were compared and classified as concordant (100% agreement), partly concordant (concordant for major components, discordant for minor components) or discordant (discordant for major components). RESULTS: In the chemical analysis, the most commonly observed major component was calcium (70%), followed by oxalate (66%), ammonium (56%), urate (28%) and carbonate (24%). In the morphological analysis, the most commonly observed major components were calcium phosphate and magnesium (32% each), followed by calcium oxalate monohydrate (24%), uric acid and urates (20% each), calcium oxalate dihydrate (18%) and cystine (6%). Infectious kidney stones were identified in 34% and 24% of cases by morphological and chemical analysis, respectively. Thirty-eight percent of the samples were classified as concordant, 52% were partly concordant and 10% were discordant. CONCLUSION: We suggest kidney stones be routinely submitted to both types of analysis for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in lithogenesis.

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Adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to anionic sites on the surface of renal epithelial cells

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1996.270.1.f192 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 270 (1) ◽

pp. F192-F199 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. C. Lieske ◽

R. Leonard ◽

H. Swift ◽

F. G. Toback

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Cell Surface ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽

Apical Surface ◽

Renal Epithelial Cells ◽

Renal Tubular Cells

Adhesion of microcrystals to the apical surface of renal tubular cells could be a critical step in the formation of kidney stones. The role of membrane surface charge as a determinant of the interaction between renal epithelial cells (BSC-1 line) and the most common crystal in kidney stones, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), was studied in a tissue culture model system. Adhesion of COM crystals to cells was blocked by cationized ferritin. Other cations that bind to cells including cetylpyridinium chloride and polylysine, as well as cationic dyes such as Alcian blue, also inhibited adhesion of COM crystals, but not all polycations shared this effect. Specific lectins including Triticum vulgaris (wheat germ agglutinin) blocked crystal binding to the cells. Furthermore, treatment of cells with neuraminidase inhibited binding of crystals. Therefore, anionic cell surface sialic acid residues appear to function as COM crystal receptors that can be blocked by specific cations or lectins. In vivo, alterations in the structure, function, quantity, or availability of these anionic cell surface molecules could lead to crystal retention and formation of renal calculi.

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Selective Water Uptake in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Kidney Stones

Chemistry of Materials ◽

10.1021/cm901205q ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 21 (21) ◽

pp. 5016-5021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Usama Al-Atar ◽

Andrew R. Lewis ◽

Joel M. H. Teichman ◽

Ben H. Chew ◽

Byron D. Gates ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

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Regulation of renal epithelial cell endocytosis of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1993.264.5.f800 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 264 (5) ◽

pp. F800-F807 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J. C. Lieske ◽

F. G. Toback

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Epithelial Cell ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽

Renal Epithelial Cell ◽

Epidermal Growth ◽

Arginine Glycine Aspartic Acid

The earliest events in the formation of kidney stones are unknown. The most common crystal in kidney stones, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), when added to cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line), was internalized by 19% of the cells after 30 min. COM crystal endocytosis was enhanced by serum, ADP, and epidermal growth factor, which are potent mitogens for these cells. Endocytosis of COM crystals was inhibited by diverse molecules including Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), the tetrapeptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine, fibronectin, transforming growth factor-beta 2, and heparin. The capacity of THP, fibronectin, or heparin to inhibit endocytosis was mediated by an interaction of these molecules with cells, not by coating the crystals. Thus renal epithelial cell endocytosis of COM crystals can be regulated by diverse molecules including THP, the most common protein found in human urine. Crystal endocytosis and subsequent cellular responses could be important pathogenic steps in nephrolithiasis.

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