A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.

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A Review of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/073490419201000602 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 470-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

Joseph Green

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Vapor Phase ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Phosphorus Compound ◽

Red Phosphorus ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Polyphenylene Oxide ◽

Phosphorus Containing

The flame retardant mechanism described for phosphorus- containing flame retardants includes both a condensed and a vapor phase mechanism depending on the type of phosphorus compound and the polymer. Intumescence is also described. Chemical structures of the flame retardant are shown. Specific applications for red phosphorus, organophosphates, chlorophos phates and bromophosphates are described. The use of triarylphosphates in PVC, modified polyphenylene oxide, and polycarbonate/ABS is described. The chlorophosphates are used in polyurethanes and the bromophosphates in en gineering thermoplastics. Flammability and mechanical properties are given for specific polymers.

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Synthesis and characterization of a phosphorus-containing flame retardant with double bonds and its application in bismaleimide resins

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra15946f ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (123) ◽

pp. 101480-101486 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Song Li ◽

Hongxia Yan ◽

Shuyao Feng ◽

Song Niu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Stability ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Bismaleimide Resin ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Reactive Phosphorus ◽

Bismaleimide Resins

A novel reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardant was synthesized and used to modify bismaleimide resin. According to investigations, the modified bismaleimide resin has good mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy.

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Modified Epoxy Resin Synthesis from Phosphorus—Containing Polyol and Physical Changes Studies in the Synthesized Products

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11122116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2116 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeong Beom Jang ◽

Tae Hee Kim ◽

Taeyoon Kim ◽

Hye Jin Kim ◽

Bongkuk Seo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Release Rates ◽

Molding Compounds ◽

Reinforced Plastics ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Physical Changes ◽

Modified Epoxy

Epoxy resins are commonly used to manufacture the molding compounds, reinforced plastics, coatings, or adhesives required in various industries. However, the demand for new epoxy resins has increased to satisfy diverse industrial requirements such as enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability, or electrical properties. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized new epoxy resin (PPME) by modifying phosphorous-containing polyol. The prepared resin was analyzed and added to epoxy compositions in various quantities. The compositions were cured at high temperatures to obtain plastics to further test the mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy resin. The measured tensile and flexural strength of epoxy compositions were similar to the composition without synthesized epoxy resin. However, the heat release rates of the compositions exhibited tendencies of a decrease proportional to the amount of PPME.

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Flame retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties of mixed flame retardant modified epoxy asphalt binders

Construction and Building Materials ◽

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.028 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 ◽

pp. 62-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Yuge Zhang ◽

Xingyu Pan ◽

Yifan Sun ◽

Wei Xu ◽

Youqiang Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Asphalt Binders ◽

Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Asphalt ◽

Modified Epoxy

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Flame Retardation of Natural Rubber: Strategy and Recent Progress

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12020429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 429 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Le Wan ◽

Cong Deng ◽

Ze-Yong Zhao ◽

Hong Chen ◽

Yu-Zhong Wang

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Polymer Chains ◽

The Past ◽

Additive Type ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Flame Retardation ◽

Halogen Free

Natural rubber (NR) as a kind of commercial polymer or engineering elastomer is widely used in tires, dampers, suspension elements, etc., because of its unique overall performance. For some NR products, their work environment is extremely harsh, facing a serious fire safety challenge. Accordingly, it is important and necessary to endow NR with flame retardancy via different strategies. Until now, different methods have been used to improve the flame retardancy of NR, mainly including intrinsic flame retardation through the incorporation of some flame-retarding units into polymer chains and additive-type flame retardation via adding some halogen or halogen-free flame retardants into NR matrix. For them, the synergistic flame-retarding action is usually applied to simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and mechanical properties, in which some synergistic flame retardants such as organo-montmorillonite (OMMT), carbon materials, halloysite nanotube (HNT), etc., are utilized to achieve the above-mentioned aim. The used flame-retarding units in polymer chains for intrinsic flame retardation mainly include phosphorus-containing small molecules, an unsaturated chemical bonds-containing structure, a cross-linking structure, etc.; flame retardants in additive-type flame retardation contain organic and inorganic flame retardants, such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and so on. Concerning the flame retardation of NR, great progress has been made in the past work. To achieve the comprehensive understanding for the strategy and recent progress in the flame retardation of NR, we thoroughly analyze and discuss the past and current flame-retardant strategies and the obtained progress in the flame-retarding NR field in this review, and a brief prospect for the flame retardation of NR is also presented.

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Synthesis of biobased phosphate flame retardants

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1515/pac-2014-0703 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 86 (11) ◽

pp. 1637-1650 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Raphaël Ménard ◽

Claire Negrell-Guirao ◽

Laurent Ferry ◽

Rodolphe Sonnier ◽

Ghislain David

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Matrix ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Raw Material ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

The Matrix ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Combustion Flow ◽

Hydroxy Groups ◽

Modified Epoxy

Abstract An approach to prepare some biobased flame retardant (FR) compounds is presented. The adopted strategy consists in functionalizing an aromatic biobased phenolic compound, the phloroglucinol, with different phosphate groups in order to promote a charring effect. Different chlorophosphates were grafted onto phloroglucinol hydroxy groups and the functionalization of the hydroxy groups was quantitative. The synthesized biobased FR were incorporated into an epoxy matrix as additive to estimate their flame retardant properties. The influence of different parameters was studied such as the phosphorus content of the thermoset or the nature of the R group of the used phosphate P-O-R. MEB/EDX observations proved the influence of this R group on the compatibility between the FR and the matrix and its importance to obtain homogeneous thermoset. Thermogravimetric analyses of the phosphorus-containing thermosets showed a small decrease in thermal stability accompanied by a char yield almost tripled for a 3 %wP-containing thermoset compared to that of the thermoset without any FR. Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry was also used to evaluate the flammability of the modified epoxy thermoset. A significant decrease in peak of heat release rate and total heat released was observed compared to thermoset without FR. These results demonstrate the good flame retardant properties of these biobased phosphates in an epoxy matrix. In addition these results show the potential of the biobased phenolic compounds as raw material for flame retardants syntheses.

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Synthesis of new phosphorous-containing flame retardant and the properties of flame retardant epoxy resins

Pigment & Resin Technology ◽

10.1108/prt-09-2020-0101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Hongkun Zhang ◽

Xianyun Gong ◽

Zan Li ◽

Yang Wang

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Carbon Layer ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Content Type ◽

Practical Applications ◽

The Past ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Low Toxicity

PurposeThe epoxy resins need to be added with flame retardant to ensure safety in practical applications. There were a lot of highly toxic substances in the flame retardant used in the past, which caused greater harm to human body and the environment. Therefore, this study aims to propose a research on the synthesis of new phosphorous-containing flame retardant and the properties of flame retardant epoxy resins.Design/methodology/approachThe flame retardant intermediate DOPO was synthesized using o-phenylphenol as the substrate. The intermediate was mixed with D4Vi under certain conditions to synthesize a new phosphorous-containing flame retardant. The flame retardant was added to the epoxy resins to prepare the flame retardant epoxy resins.FindingsThe experimental results show that the synthetic new phosphorous-containing flame retardant is far less harmful than the flame retardant used in the past and has extremely low toxicity, which is suitable for use in practical projects.Originality/valueThe new phosphorus-containing flame retardant synthesized by forms a more uniform and dense carbon layer in the combustion process, which well protects the underlying materials, thus improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resin materials. The harm of the new phosphorus-containing flame retardant is far less than that of ordinary flame retardant. The flame retardant used in the past has very low toxicity and is suitable for practical engineering.

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