Study of analgesic effect of earthworm extract

Pain represents a major clinical problem and one which has exercised generations of healthcare professionals. Earthworms are used as a traditional Chinese medicine, and have been applied pharmacologically and clinically since a long time in China. However, the analgesic effects of earthworm extract (EE) are seldom studied. Hence, we evaluated the analgesic effects of EE in mice. The obtained data showed that EE increased pain threshold and exhibited peripheral but not central analgesic effects in mice; evidenced by increased inhibition ratio in acetic acid writhing test and formalin test, whereas only slight increase in inhibition ratio in hot plate test and tail immersion test. In addition, EE decreased serum norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) concentration, similar to other analgesic drugs like morphine and aspirin. In a nutshell, the obtained data have demonstrated that EE has peripheral analgesic properties and could be used as a promising analgesic drug.

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Analgesic Effects of Thiamine in Male Long Evans Rats

Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist ◽

10.3329/jbsp.v12i1.33921 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sayema Ainan ◽

Noorzahan Begum ◽

Taskina Ali

Keyword(s):

Experimental Pain ◽

Immersion Test ◽

Writhing Test ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽

Significant Decrement ◽

Pain Models ◽

Tail Immersion ◽

Long Evans ◽

Post Hoc

Background: The concept of analgesic effects of thiamine along with other B vitamins has been supported since long by various clinical and experimental evidences, though effects of individual thiamine on pain are yet to be clearly demonstrated.Objective: To assess the effects of increasing doses of thiamine supplementation on pain.Methods: Forty-eight (48) male Long Evans rats (200±20 gm) were given thiamine (100, 200, 250, mg/kg/day; experimental) or normal saline (5 ml/kg/day; control) intraperitonealy (i.p) for 7 consecutive days. The analgesic activity was evaluated by three experimental pain models, hot (52±0.50C) water tail immersion test, the interphase (6th-15th minutes) of formalin (50?l, 2.5%, subcutaneous) test and acetic acid (2%, i.p) induced writhing test. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test and p?0.05 was considered as significant.Results: In tail immersion test, %MPE significantly increased after 200 (p?0.05) and 250 (p?0.001) mg/kg of thiamine. In the formalin test, thiamine significantly lowered the jerking frequency (p?0.05, p?0.001, p?0.001, respectively) and duration of flexing and licking (p?0.001, in all doses), compared to control. In addition, in writhing test, significant increment in latency of appearance of 1st writhe (p?0.001, in higher 2 doses) and significant decrement in frequency of writhes (p?0.01, p?0.001, p?0.001, respectively, in all doses) were observed.Conclusion: The results of this study conclude that, repetitive administration of thiamine may cause alleviation of pain through central as well as peripheral inhibitory mechanisms, which is dose dependent as well.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2017, June; 12(1): 1-9

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Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn. in different experimental models

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1002397k ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 397-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ashok Kumar ◽

K. Lakshman ◽

K.N. Jayaveera ◽

Sheshadri Shekar ◽

C. Vivek

Keyword(s):

Immersion Test ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Hot Plate Test ◽

Writhing Test ◽

Antipyretic Activity ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Tail Immersion ◽

Editorial Decision ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Font Color

The methanolic extract of the whole plant extract of Amaranthus viridis L (MEAV) was screened for antinociceptive activity using the acetic acid writhing test, hot plate test and tail immersion test in mice and for antipyretic activity using the yeast-induced pyrexia method in rats, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. Significant (p<0.01) dose-dependent antinociceptive and antipyretic properties were observed with 200 and 400 mg/kg. Detected autoplagiarism. Link to the Editorial Decision <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS1004251U">10.2298/ABS1004251U</a>

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Potential Antinociceptive Effects of Chinese Propolis and Identification on Its Active Compounds

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2018/5429543 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Liping Sun ◽

Lei Liao ◽

Bei Wang

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Immersion Test ◽

Hot Plate ◽

Hot Plate Test ◽

Writhing Test ◽

Plate Test ◽

Antinociceptive Effects ◽

Tail Immersion ◽

Flavonoid Composition ◽

Chinese Propolis

Propolis is an important bee product which has been applied to the treatment of several diseases. The aim of this study was to understand the material basis of Chinese propolis on pain relief; different Chinese propolis fractions (40W, 40E, 70E, and 95E raw propolis extracted followed by 40%, 70%, or 95% ethanol) were prepared, and their antinociceptive effects were evaluated. By analyzing using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, we showed that 40W was rich in phenolic acids, like caffeic acid, while 40E, 70E, and 95E have relatively high levels in flavonoids, like galangin, pinocembrin, and chrysin. Notably, chrysin amounts in 70E and 95E are much higher than those in 40E fraction. Antinociceptive effects by these propolis fractions were evaluated in mice using acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and tail immersion test, respectively. We noticed that only 40E fraction showed a significant reduction on acetic acid-induced writhing test. Importantly, in the hot plate test, all groups showed their effectiveness, except for the 70E group. We also noticed that 40W, 40E, and 95E administration caused an increase in the tail withdrawal latency of the mice. These data suggested that the different antinociceptive effects of different fractions from Chinese propolis extracts are directly link to their flavonoid composition.

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Assessment of the antioxidant, thrombolytic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of leaf extracts and fractions of Tetracera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0173 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 81-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mir Muhammad Nasir Uddin ◽

Mohammad Shah Hafez Kabir ◽

Mahmud Hasan ◽

Zobaer Al Mahmud ◽

N. M. Mahmudul Alam Bhuiya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flowering Plant ◽

Clot Lysis ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Immersion Method ◽

Pure Ethanol ◽

Thrombolytic Activity ◽

Writhing Test ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Tail Immersion ◽

Anti Inflammatory

AbstractBackground:The plant under investigation (Tetracera sarmentosa) is a dicotyledonous flowering plant and belongs to the family Dilleniaceae. The goal of our investigation was to determine whether the leaf extracts of this plant held any significant medicinal properties.Methods:Leaves ofT. sarmentosawere extracted with pure ethanol (EETS) and methanol (METS), and then methanol extract fractioned withn-hexane (NHFMETS) and chloroform (CHFMETS). The extracts and fractions were tested for antioxidant activity, which was measured by using qualitative and quantitative procedures. Thrombolytic activity was evaluated by the clot lysis test. Analgesic activity was evaluated employing the acidic acid-induced writhing test, the formalin-induced paw licking test and tail immersion on Swiss albino mice. The anti-inflammatory activity test was studied using the paw edema test. Forced swimming, tail suspension, elevated plus maze and hole board model tests were used to evaluate neuropharmacological activity.Results:All the extracts and fractions possessed antioxidant effects. All the extracts, fractions and streptokinase exhibited significant (p<0.0001) clot lysis. The extracts and fractions produced significant analgesic effects as evaluated by the acetic acid writhing test, the formalin-induced paw licking test and the tail immersion method. Similarly, carrageenan-induced inflammation was significantly antagonized by the treatments. The extracts and fractions also significantly showed neuropharmacological (antidepressant and anxiolytic) effects.Conclusions:The overall results suggested that this plant deserves further investigation to isolate the active compounds which are responsible for these activities and to establish the mechanism of action.

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Analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of Artimisia herba alba Arial part

Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences ◽

10.29079/vol9iss3art117 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Sh. M. Al-khazrji , and I. K. Khalil

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Cold Water ◽

Hot Plate ◽

Hot Plate Test ◽

Writhing Test ◽

Plate Test ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Rats And Mice ◽

Dose Dependent

The present study was aimed to investigate the analgesic effects of the aqueous extract of Artemisia herba alba Arial part in rats and mice ( AEAHA ). The AEAHA (400- 700 mg/kg; p.o.) was evaluated for its analgesic activity by employing acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test and tail immersion tests i.e. in hot and cold water. AEAHA (400- 700 mg/kg; p.o.) showed significant (P<0.01) reduction in the number of writhing induced by acetic acid,increased reaction time in hot plate test and elevated pain threshold in hot and cold water tests. AEAHA exhibited the dose-dependent analgesic effects

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Phytochemical Screening and Antinociceptive and Antidiarrheal Activities of Hydromethanol and Petroleum Benzene Extract ofMicrocos paniculataBarks

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/3167085 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rafath Ara Moushome ◽

Mst. Irin Akter ◽

Md. Abdullah Aziz

Keyword(s):

Heat Stroke ◽

Immersion Test ◽

Hot Plate ◽

Hot Plate Test ◽

Study Results ◽

Tail Immersion ◽

General Test ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Benzene Extract ◽

Petroleum Benzene

Introduction.Microcos paniculatais traditionally used for treating diarrhea, wounds, cold, fever, hepatitis, dyspepsia, and heat stroke.Objective. To investigate the qualitative phytochemical constituents of hydromethanol (HMPB) and petroleum benzene extract ofMicrocos paniculatabarks (PBMPB) and to evaluate their antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.Methods. Phytochemical constituents and antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities were determined and evaluated by different tests such as Molisch’s, Fehling’s, Mayer’s, Wagner’s, Dragendorff’s, frothing, FeCl3, alkali, Pew’s, and Salkowski’s test, general test of glycosides, Baljet and NH4OH test, formalin-induced paw licking, acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion, and hot plate tests, and castor oil and MgSO4induced diarrheal tests.Results. These extracts revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids and significantly (P⁎<0.05, versus control) reduced paw licking and abdominal writhing of mice. At 30 min after their administration, PBMPB revealed significant increase in latency (P⁎<0.05, versus control) in tail immersion test. In hot plate test, HMPB and PBMPB 200 mg/kg showed significant increase in response latency (P⁎<0.05, versus control) at 30 min after their administration. Moreover, both extracts significantly (P⁎<0.05, versus control) inhibited percentage of diarrhea in antidiarrheal models.Conclusion.Study results indicate thatM.paniculatamay provide a source of plant compounds with antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.

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Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Diethyl Ether and n-Hexane Extract of Polyalthia suberosa Leaves

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/5617234 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nelufar Yasmen ◽

Md. Abdullah Aziz ◽

Afsana Tajmim ◽

Mst. Irin Akter ◽

Amit Kumar Hazra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Diethyl Ether ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Immersion Test ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Writhing Test ◽

Ear Edema ◽

Tail Immersion ◽

Hexane Extracts ◽

Anti Inflammatory

In folk medicine, Polyalthia suberosa is used as abortifacient, laxative, febrifuge analgesic, filler of tooth cavities, and anti-HIV drug and for rheumatism and various skin infections. The present study was directed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of diethyl ether and n-hexane extracts of Polyalthia suberosa leaves (PSDE and PSNH). A variety of tests including formalin-induced paw licking test, acetic acid induced writhing test, and tail immersion test were used to assess the analgesic activity. In addition, xylene-induced ear edema test was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of PSDE and PSNH. PSDE and PSNH at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses expressed analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory activities in mice. In formalin-induced paw licking test, acetic acid induced writhing test, and xylene-induced ear edema test, the extracts exhibited significant inhibition (P⁎<0.05 versus control) of pain and inflammation. Alternatively, in tail immersion test, PSDE 400 mg/kg showed significant (P⁎<0.05 versus control) latency at 30 min but another tested sample had no significant latency. From this study, it could be shown that Polyalthia suberosa leaves may contain analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents which support its use in traditional medicine.

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Effects of Dacryodes edulis Leaf Extract on Pain and Inflammation

Journal of Basic and Social Pharmacy Research ◽

10.52968/27458154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

C.N. Okwesileze ◽

◽

G.A. Essiet ◽

I.C. Okwesileze ◽

F.V. Udoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Latency Period ◽

Immersion Test ◽

Writhing Test ◽

Paw Oedema ◽

Animal Research Ethics ◽

Tail Immersion ◽

Dose Study ◽

Ear Oedema ◽

Dacryodes Edulis

Background: Dacryodes edulis leaf extract is used in traditional settings in management of many disease conditions including pain and inflammation. However, these empirical claims have not been evaluated scientifically. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Dacryodes edulis on pain and inflammation using rodents. Materials and Methods: Writhing test using acetic acid for induction of pain and tail-immersion in temperature controlled water were used to study the effect on pain sensation while xylene-induced ear oedema and carrageenan-induced paw oedema were used for the effect of Dacryodes edulis on inflammation. Male mice divided into seven groups and three different doses of extract viz,100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg based on the results of the acute toxicity study and the mean effective dose study, ED50 were used for the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar Animal Research Ethics Committee with number: 012PA31116. Results: 400mg/kg extract showed significant analgesic activity having 75% inhibition of pain in the writhing test while aspirin showed 80% inhibition of pain. The extract also significantly (p<0.05) prolonged flick latency period comparable to morphine in tail immersion test. The extract caused 72% inhibition of xylene induced ear oedema compared to 91% of dexamethasone. Similarly it showed comparable activity (p<0.05) with aspirin in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Conclusion: Dacryodes edulis leaf extract has activity against pain and inflammation. This validates its application in management of inflammation and pain in local settings.

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Evaluation of antinociceptive activity of Ilex dipyrena Wall. in mice

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies ◽

10.1186/s12906-021-03357-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amjad Ali ◽

Abdul Nasir ◽

Syed Wadood Ali Shah ◽

Atif Ali Khan Khalil ◽

Mi-jeong Ahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Hot Plate ◽

Hot Plate Test ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Test Models ◽

Antinociceptive Effects ◽

Tail Immersion

Abstract Background In order to find a new natural resource for pain-relief, the analgesic effects of Ilex dipyrena crude extract, fractions, and subfractions were evaluated in in-vivo mouse models with possible mechanism of action. Methods Analgesic effects of crude extract (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight), fractions and subfractions (75 mg/kg body weight) were screened using heat-induced (tail-immersion and hot plate test) and chemical-induced (formalin and acetic acid) nociception models in mice. The samples were also tested for the elucidation of a possible mechanism through opioidergic and GABAergic systems. Results The administration of crude extract, fractions and subfractions produced analgesic responses in acetic acid, formalin, tail immersion, and hot plate model for pain similar to those obtained with the standard. Naloxone antagonized the antinociceptive effects of the tested samples, whereas bicuculline showed partial inhibition. Considering the analgesic response, crude extract, fractions, and subfractions demonstrated promising inhibitory activity against all test models for pain, which was further supported by the possible involvement of opioidergic and GABAergic systems. Conclusion The results suggest that this plant may be useful in the development of new analgesic drugs. Further research with regard to the isolation of bioactive compounds is required to verify these findings.

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