TOWARD A STRENGTH TRAINING APPROACH AT MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS

The variety of handball playing positions produces implications on the physical, motor and physiological particularities of the players, being necessary an individualization of the training according to the specific requirements of the playing position. The development of strength capacity is done during all phases of the training, and the content used to optimize strength capacity at senior handball players of the group subjected to the experiment was varied, diversified and adapted to each trainingsession. The aim of the research was to design and apply a training methodology that would lead to the optimization of strength capacity at senior handball players with consequences in terms of performance and level of game efficiency. The following control tests were used to assessthe subjects' strength indices: test 1 maximum repetition for semiflexion, chest push-up and chest lift, and the plate test was used for the isometric strength. The results obtained by the experimental group at the strength tests applied in research aredue to the specific strength training used for a period of 6 months. The designed strength program for handball players was implemented considering the characteristics of the handball game, athletes’ particularities in order to achieve a better efficiency in training and competition. The intergroup statistical analysis of the final testing indicates statistical significance in favor of the experiment group, which confirms the efficiency of the means used in the training, ensuring an optimal framework for obtaining performance in competitions.

Design and evaluation of pharmacological properties of a new 1,3,4-thiadiazolylamide derivative of 2-propylpentanoic acid

Introduction: The use of the pharmacophoric approach is a promising direction for modifying the chemical structure of 2-propylpentanoic (valproic) acid in order to obtain new drugs. Materials and methods: In the experiments on mice, acute toxicity, neurotoxicity, antiepileptic activity and analgesic effect of N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-propylpentanamide (valprazolamide) were evaluated. LD50 was determined by probit analysis. Neurotoxicity was determined in a rotarod test and a bar test in mice. The effects of valprazolamide on the exploratory behavior of mice in open field test and in a light/dark transition test were evaluated. Its antiepileptic activity was tested in mice against seizures induced by maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ); isoniazid, thiosemicarbazide, pilocarpine, and camphor. The analgesic effect was studied in a hot plate test. Results and discussion: N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-propylpentanamide was obtained by introducing pharmacophores into the structure of 2-propylpentanoic acid: a substituted amide group and an electron-donor domain of 1,3,4-thiadiazole. The LD50 value for intraperitoneal administration of a new 2-propylpentanoic acid: derivative to mice was 924.8 mg/kg, and the TD50 value in the rotarod test and the bar test were 456.7 mg/kg and 546.7 mg/kg, respectively. The suppression of orienting responses in the animals was noted when it was administered in neurotoxic doses. Valprazolamide showed the most antiepileptic activity on models of MES, scPTZ and isoniazid antagonism tests. The ED50 values were 138.4 mg/kg, 74.5 mg/kg, and 126.8 mg/kg, respectively. The therapeutic indices for these models of epilepsy were 6.7; 12.4; 7.3, and protective index – 3.3; 6.1 and 3.6, respectively. In the hot plate test, valprazolamide increased the latency period before a defensive response to a thermal stimulus (ED50 165 mg/kg). Conclusion: N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-propylpentanamide is a new 1,3,4-thiadiazolylamide derivative of 2-propylpentanoic acid with antiepileptic and analgesic activities, which belongs to the group of low-toxic agents. Graphic abstract N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-propylpentanamide (3D) LD50=924.8 mg/kg (mice, intraperitoneally) TD50=456.7 mg/kg (rotarod, mice, intraperitoneally) ED50=138.4 mg/kg (MES, mice, intraperitoneally) ED50=74.5 mg/kg (scPTZ, mice, intraperitoneally)

Preparation and Analysis of New 1,3,5-Trisubstituted-2-Pyrazolines Derivative for Their Analgesic Potential

The goal of the study was to develop, synthesise, and characterise a novel 1,3,5-trisubstituted-2-pyrazolines derivative, as well as to assess its analgesic potential. The reaction of chalcone derivatives with 4-hydrazinylbenzene sulfonamide hydrochloride and phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride yielded 1,3,5-tri-substituted-2-pyrazolines derivatives. The IR, 1HNMR, and mass spectrum analyses were used to characterise a total of sixteen substances. Analgesic activity of the proposed substances has been tested. The analgesic effect of the produced compounds was tested using two methods: the hot plate test technique and acetic acid induced writhing in mice. To compare the effectiveness, pentazocine and acetyl acetic acid were utilised as reference drugs. The hot plate test technique and acetic acid induced writhing in mice were used to assess the analgesic effect of the 16 produced chemical series A1-A8, and B1-B8. The evaluation's outcomes were viewed using Pentazocine and acetyl acetic acid as the standard drugs. In a 90-minute hot plate test, compounds A2 (10.30 s), A4 (9.45 s), A7 (11.65 s), and A8 (11.26 s) showed a delay in paw withdrawal latency time. Compounds B2 (9.10 s) and B7 (10.42 s) prolong the paw withdrawal latency time after 90 minutes in series B1-B8, reduce the pain feeling, and inhibit pain induced by heat methods. Compounds A2, A5, A6, A7, and A8 from Series A1-A8 showed 83.00, 76.01, 80.34, 86.99, 88.15 percent inhibition, substantially (p0.05 and p0.001, respectively), and decreased the number of wriths caused by 0.6 percent acetic acid at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. Acetylsalicylic acid (10 mg/kg) appears to be more successful in lowering the number of wriths, with a 99.0% reduction in the number of wriths (p0.001). B1, B3, and B4 have the least amount of active activity. These all finding suggest that these synthesized compounds have the potential as analgesic agent.

Histopathological and analgesic effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, racemic ketamine, and magnesium sulfate in rats

Background This study aims to investigate the histopathological and analgesic effects of intrathecal administration of dexmedetomidine, preservative-free racemic ketamine, and magnesium sulfate in Sprague Dawley rats. This study included 40 male Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 240 and 260 g. After the intrathecal catheterization, the rats were randomly divided into four groups. Following the baseline measurements, no drugs were administered in the control group (group C). Simultaneously, 0.02 ml (1 μgr/kg) of dexmedetomidine was administered in group D, 0.02 ml (1 mg/kg) preservative-free racemic ketamine in group K and 0.02 ml (0.05 mg/kg) magnesium sulfate in group M via intrathecal route. Concomitantly, the hot-plate test was used to measure the analgesic effect of drugs. For histopathological evaluation, the rats were sacrificed to obtain the medulla spinalis. Results The hot-plate test revealed that the mean response time was 6.3 ± 1.2 s in baseline measurements without medication. However, prolongation in the mean response times of the drug-administered groups to the hot-plate test was also observed. Upon histopathological examination, myelin degeneration was detected in all study groups. No inflammation was observed in rats in group D, whereas inflammation was noted in only two rats in group K. Concerning the presence of red neurons, the only group that differed from the control group belonged to group K. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine, preservative-free racemic ketamine, and magnesium sulfate have an analgesic effect when administered intrathecally in rats. Of these drugs, preservative-free racemic ketamine stands out as the most histopathologically safe drug.

Design and Preparation of PU/EP Blend Resin Grafted by Hydrophilic Molecular Segments

Film-forming resins, as carriers of antifouling coatings, play an essential role in the functional performance of coatings. With the gradual promotion of coatings in the field of marine antifouling, the preparation of film-forming resins containing hydrophilic chain segments is urgently needed to give full play to the functional and time-sensitive performance of antifouling coatings. In this paper, the single-ended isocyanate group (NCO) polyurethane (PU) prepolymer with hydrophilic chain segments was prepared and grafted onto an epoxy resin (EP) molecular chain to obtain the PU/EP grafted blend. Successful preparation of the PU/EP grafted blends was confirmed by infrared spectrum analysis. Simultaneously, the grafted blend was cured, and its hydrophilicity and mechanical properties were also tested. The results demonstrate that the grafted method can effectively improve the hydrophilicity of the film-forming resin while maintaining its mechanical properties. It can be concluded from the hydrophilic and mechanical properties of the materials that the comprehensive properties of PU/EP grafted blends are the best when the PU content is between 40% and 50%. The hanging plate test showed that the antifouling effect of the antifouling coating prepared by hydrophilic modified PU/EP film-forming resin was better than that of the traditional antifouling coating under the experimental conditions.

Evaluation Of The Residual Load-Bearing Capacity Of The Existing Road Using Plate Loading Test

In the last few years as the road construction budget has been decreasing in Latvia, the number of road construction reinforcement design and construction objects has been increasing. At the beginning of the project development of the existing road condition is assessed, taking into account various pavement evaluation criteria and it is determined on which road sections it is possible to reinforce the pavement and where full construction is required. The road pavement structure in Latvia is developed using “Recommendations for road design. Pavement” and inaccurately defining the bearing capacity of the existing foundation can significantly affect the service life of the designed structure. During the construction of the road, establishing that the bearing capacity of the existing foundation is lower than specified in the project incurs additional costs for the customer. Project changes are made, and special solutions are provided in order to achieve the bearing capacity on the mineral material layers defined in the project. One of the most accurate ways to determine the bearing capacity of existing road structural layers is the static plate test. However, the results of this test are also not 100% accurate and any of them may give unreasonable results due to various influencing factors. The aim of this work is to analyze the results of static plate test by determining the most important factors that affect the obtained load-bearing capacity values, identify biased/erroneous test results, and determine which results reflect the residual load-bearing capacity of the existing road structure.

Analgesic properties of dealcoholized extract of Acorus Calamus Leaves

Opioid and non-narcotic analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, antidepressants, myorelaxants, combined agents and phytopreparations are widely used for the treatment of pain syndrome. One of the promising phytogenic objects with potential analgesic properties is the Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag). The aim: the purpose of the study is to determine the analgesic effect of the dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) on a model of pain in the "Hot plate" test and in the test of tail heat immersion. Materials and methods. During the experimental study, the pharmacological methods have been used. The analgesic properties of DEAL were studied in mice on the "Hot plate" model using the Hot / Cold Plate (Bioseb, France) and in the test of the heat immersion in rats. The results. On the models of pain in the "Hot plate" and tail heat immersion tests, the analgesic effect of the dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) is determined. On the "Hot plate" model, the use of DEAL probably increased the duration of the latency period. According to the analgesic effect of DEAL and metamizol sodium were comparable to each other continues to 1 and 1.5 hours of experiment, but starting with 2 hours of experiment the analgesic action of metamizol sodium statistically exceeded the analgesic effect of DEAL. In the test of heat immersion tail in rats, DEAL increased the latency period of shocking of the rats’ tail compared to the starting background by 43.13 % as well as metamizol sodium by 66.6 %. The studies have shown the presence of moderate analgesic effects of DEAL in the investigated dose. Conclusions. The analgesic effect of a dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) on a model of pain in the "Hot plate" and heat tail immersion tests has been carried out. Under the "Hot plate" test in mice, DEAL produces a distinct analgesic effect, however, slightly inferior to the severity of metamizol sodium. Presence of moderate analgesic properties of DEAL has been verified in comparison with the metamizel sodium in thetail heat immersion test in rats. The obtained results indicate the influence of DEAL on the central mechanisms of pain formation

Prevalence of Antimicrobial Residues in Tissues of Broilers Sold at a Local Market in Enugu State, Nigeria Using the European Four Plate Test

ABSTRACTBackgroundConsumption of animal tissues treated with antimicrobial agents may be deleterious if they contain violative levels of the residues. This study determined antimicrobial residues prevalence in broilers sold at Ikpa market, Nsukka, Nigeria.MethodsTissues from muscle, liver and kidney of 60 commercial broilers (180 samples) were tested for antimicrobial residues using the conventional Four Plate Test.ResultPrevalence of 80.0% (48/60) and 51.7% (93/180) was recorded in the birds and samples {muscle 40.0%(24/60); liver 55.0%(33/60) and kidney 60.0%(36/60)} respectively. There was no significant association between residue occurrence and tissue type (χ2 (2) = 5.206; p = 0.074). Possible antimicrobial classes detected were: macrolid (50.0%) at pH 8.0 with Micrococcus luteus; β-lactams and tetracyclines (64.4%) with Bacillus subtillis at pH 6.0; sulphonamides (53.3%) at pH 7.2 with Bacillus subtillis, and aminoglycosides (46.8%) at pH 8.0 with Bacillus subtillis. Twenty-four tissue samples were positive at all four pH levels indicating use of more than one class of antimicrobials during each treatment.ConclusionAntimicrobial residues were detected in commercial broilers (muscles, liver and kidney) sampled at Ikpa Market, Nsukka. This is of public health importance given that antimicrobial residues are not monitored in poultry consumed in Nigeria.

Antibacterial Residues in Some Imported Chickens to Iraq

In this study three of trademarks of frozen chickens imported to Iraq were chosen to study the antibacterials residues in the chicken meat. The three trade marks were TM1, TM2 and TM3. Three chickens of each trade mark were bought from local market of Baghdad, from each chick a piece of muscle was cut from the thigh and the chest and from each piece four samples were tested for antimicrobial residues by using four plate test (FTP). The results showed presence of antibacterials residues in 49% of tested samples. For TM2 and TM3 the positive samples were 62.5% and 83% respectively while no antibacterials residues detected for TM1. Concluded from this study the presence of antibacterials residues in imported chickens to Iraq.