The Effects of Chronic Hypokalaemia, Hyponatraemia, and Acid-Base Alterations on Erythrocyte Sodium Transport

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Levin ◽  
F. C. Rector ◽  
D. W. Seldin
Keyword(s):  
Active Transport ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Large Component ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium

1. Erythrocyte sodium concentration and fluxes were measured in patients with acid-base disturbances, hypokalaemia and hyponatraemia. Results were similar to those obtained with normal erythrocytes exposed to artificial in vitro alterations. 2. Erythrocyte sodium content and influx varied directly with extracellular bicarbonate which appeared to influence membrane permeability. 3. Hypokalaemia increased the erythrocyte sodium content by decreasing active transport initially. When a new high erythrocyte steady-state sodium concentration was reached, active transport returned to normal but efflux and influx were increased considerably by the appearance of a large component of exchange diffusion in the hypokalaemic environment. 4. Hyponatraemia induced a decrease in sodium influx secondary to the decreased transmembrane sodium concentration gradient. A decrease in erythrocyte sodium content then ensued. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the assessment of cell membrane function in disease states.

Relation of the Extracellular [Bicarbonate]/[Chloride] Ratio to Erythrocyte Sodium Content: A Possible New Control System

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Needle ◽  
W. Shapiro ◽  
V. Viswanathan ◽  
M. Semar
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium ◽  
Induced Changes

1. Erythrocytes were incubated in buffers with different [bicarbonate]/[chloride] ratios. 2. The erythrocyte sodium content was higher in buffers with higher [bicarbonate]/ [chloride] ratios. 3. The rise in erythrocyte sodium concentration with increase in [bicarbonate]/[chloride] ratio was independent of the effects of ouabain and ouabain plus ethacrynic acid. Primaquine-induced changes in membrane permeability, ATP depletion by starvation and the use of potassium-free buffers did not change the effect. 4. The results may demonstrate a system which either increases the permeability of erythrocytes to sodium or regulates the sodium content of erythrocytes by a carrier system which is independent of ATP.

Relationship between plasma growth hormone concentration and cellular sodium transport in acromegaly

1992 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Herlitz ◽  
Olof Jonsson ◽  
Bengt-Åke Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Active Acromegaly ◽  
One Year ◽  
Plasma Gh

We investigated the relationship between mean plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration and cellular sodium transport in untreated and treated acromegaly. Seventeen patients (age 55±3 years) with active acromegaly were studied with respect to plasma GH (mean of 24 h GH profile) and erythrocyte electrolyte content as well as transmembrane sodium transport. The patients were reinvestigated two weeks after successful surgery (N=14) and again after one year (N=13). Erythrocyte electrolytes were analyzed by flame photometry and sodium influx and efflux rate constant determined by in vitro incubation using a modified Keyne's formula. In patients with active acromegaly there was a significant positive correlation between IGF-1 and cellular sodium transport, while GH tended to show a negative relationship to the same parameter. After successful treatment, both IGF-1 and GH disclosed a positive relationship to cellular sodium transport. After one year, a significant increase in erythrocyte sodium content was seen in the patients compared to the preoperative situation. In conclusion, if this is a generalized phenomenon the results are compatible with a sodium-retaining effect of GH via stimulation of transmembrane sodium transport. In active acromegaly this may be counteracted by a sodium transport inhibitor giving the reverse relationship between GH and cellular sodium transport.

Effect of Zinc on Leucocyte Sodium Transport In Vitro

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Patrick ◽  
J. Michael ◽  
M. N. Golden ◽  
B. E. Golden ◽  
P. J. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Cell Water ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Efflux

1. In a preparation of human leucocytes maintained in tissue culture fluid, increasing the extracellular zinc concentration leads to a significant increase in both ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux and in sodium influx. 2. Cell water and sodium content do not alter significantly with increasing extracellular zinc concentration. 3. A small increase in the ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux can be demonstrated when the external zinc concentration is raised from 0·75 μmol/l to 90 μmol/l.

scholarly journals Rapid decrease in cellular sodium and chloride content during cold incubation of cultured liver endothelial cells and hepatocytes

1997 ◽  
Vol 322 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke R. GIZEWSKI ◽  
Ursula RAUEN ◽  
Michael KIRSCH ◽  
Irith REUTERS ◽  
Herbert DIEDERICHS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Uw Solution ◽  
Liver Endothelial Cells

Hypothermia, as used for organ preservation in transplantation medicine, is generally supposed to lead to an intracellular accumulation of sodium, and subsequently of chloride, via inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase. However, on studying the cellular sodium concentration of cultured liver endothelial cells using fluorescence microscopy, we found a 55% decrease in the cellular sodium concentration after 30 min of cold incubation in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. To confirm this surprising result, we set up a capillary electrophoresis method that allowed us to determine the cellular contents of inorganic cations and of inorganic anions. Using this method we measured a decrease in the cellular sodium content from 104±11 to 55±4 nmol/mg of protein, accompanied by a decrease in the chloride content from 71±9 to 25±5 nmol/mg of protein, after 30 min of cold incubation in UW solution. When the endothelial cells were incubated in cold Krebs–Henseleit buffer or in cold cell culture medium instead of UW solution, similar early decreases in cellular sodium and chloride contents were observed, thus excluding the possibility of the decreases being dependent on the preservation solution used. Furthermore, experiments with cultured rat hepatocytes yielded a similar decrease in sodium content during initiation of cold incubation in UW solution, so the decrease does not appear to be cell-specific either. These results suggest that, contrary to current opinion, sodium efflux predominates over sodium influx during the early phase of cold incubation of cells.

A Serial Study of Erythrocyte Sodium Content and Sodium Pump Kinetics in Pregnancy

1990 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MacPhail ◽  
T. H. Thomas ◽  
R. Wilkinson ◽  
J. M. Davison ◽  
W. Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constant ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Affinity Constant ◽  
Pump Rate ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium ◽  
Sodium Pump Inhibition

1. Normotensive primigravid pregnant women were studied longitudinally during pregnancy and 20 weeks after delivery. 2. Erythrocyte sodium content, ouabain-sensitive sodium flux and sodium pump rate constant were measured in whole blood, and the maximum velocity and sodium affinity of the sodium pump were measured in vitro. 3. Erythrocyte sodium content decreased and the sodium pump rate constant increased up to 26 weeks gestation. The increase in rate constant was due to an increase in the affinity of the sodium pump for sodium up to 20 weeks gestation. After 20 weeks gestation there was an increase in maximum velocity and a decrease in sodium affinity of the sodium pump but no further change in the sodium pump rate constant. 4. At 14 weeks gestation the sodium pump rate constant was correlated with both the maximum velocity and sodium affinity constant. After this time the relationship was much more variable and there was no correlation with the sodium affinity constant. The comparison of measurements of the sodium pump in whole blood and in vitro gave no evidence of sodium pump inhibition. 5. The erythrocyte sodium pump changed throughout gestation with different components to the change, but, overall, available sodium pump activity in blood increased and sodium content decreased.

Water and Sodium Turnover in Coastal and Inlnad Populations of the Ash-Grey Mouse, in Western Austrlia

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD Morris ◽  
SD Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Coastal Habitat ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Water Efflux

The water and sodium turnovers of a coastal and an inland population of P. albocinereus were studied seasonally. Although the inland habitat receives considerably less rain and sodium than the coastal habitat, water turnover rates were significantly lower only in May and sodium turnover lower only in August. Water influx rates were lowest at both locations during the summer months, positively correlated with the water content of the vegetation and positively correlated with the amount of rain received in the 30 days before each sampling period. Water efflux rates were negatively correlated with urine osmolality. Sodium influx rates were highest during the summer months and were correlated with the sodium content of the vegetation but not with the sodium deposited in the study areas. Sodium efflux rates were positively correlated with the urine sodium concentration. During the dry months, water and sodium influxes are linked; this is not apparent during the wetter months. The utilization of arthropods for food during the summer months is seen as contributing to the maintenance of water balance during a period when the vegetation is low in water. Both populations breed in late spring, with young animals growing during the summer months, and water and sodium influx rates exceed efflux rates during this period.

Erythrocyte Sodium and Potassium in Patients with Hypokalaemia

1983 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cumberbatch ◽  
D. B. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Extracellular Potassium ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium ◽  
Curvilinear Relation ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. The erythrocyte content of sodium and of potassium were measured in 231 unselected patients with hypokalaemia, and together with net ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux in patients with severe hypokalaemia, before (20 patients) and during potassium repletion (14 patients). 2. The erythrocytes of the patients with hypokalaemia compared with control subjects had on average an increase in sodium content, a decrease in potassium content and a reduction in the rate constant of ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux. All three changes had a similar curvilinear relation to the concentration of potassium in plasma with relatively little change in the measured variable unless the plasma potassium was very low. 3. There was a similar curvilinear relation between the final sodium and potassium content of normal erythrocytes and the potassium concentration of the medium in which they were incubated for 48 h in vitro. 4. These results suggest that the changes in the sodium and potassium content of erythrocytes in hypokalaemia are due to a direct inhibiting effect of the hypokalaemia on the activity of the sodium pump. 5. In many patients with hypokalaemia of moderate degree the increase in erythrocyte sodium content was less than expected from the effect in vitro of a low extracellular potassium concentration. This finding suggests that a compensatory change, presumably an increase in the number of sodium pumps, is a common event even in moderate hypokalaemia.

Role of [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i in nicotine-induced norepinephrine release from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (3) ◽  
pp. C572-C581 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Gerber ◽  
A. Haunstetter ◽  
C. Kruger ◽  
A. Kaufmann ◽  
R. Nobiling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Receptor ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin

Intracellular free sodium ([Na+]i) and calcium ([Ca2+]i) concentrations were determined by sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI) and fura 2 microfluorimetry, respectively, in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (BCC). Validation of SBFI microfluorimetry by in vitro and in vivo calibration revealed a reliable assessment of [Na+]i within a range of 1-30 mM in single BCC. Nicotine (0.1-10 microM) induced concentration-dependent increases of both [Na+]i (from 3.3 +/- 0.1 to 25.6 +/- 0.4 mM, n = 76, P < 0.001) and [Ca2+]i (from 64 +/- 1 to 467 +/- 16 nM, n = 87, P < 0.001), which were accompanied by an increase in [3H]norepinephrine (NE) release. Consistent with an exocytotic release mechanism, nicotine-induced increments of [Ca2+]i and [3H]NE release were reduced under calcium-free conditions and by gadolinium chloride (40 microM), whereas [Na+]i was not affected. In contrast, a parallel attenuation of nicotine-evoked changes in [Na+]i, [Ca2+]i, and [3H]NE release was observed during reduction of the extracellular sodium concentration. The nicotine-evoked responses were neutralized by the nicotinic receptor antagonist hexamethonium (100 microM) but not by blockade of voltage-dependent sodium channels (1 microM tetrodotoxin). In conclusion, the nicotine-induced exocytotic release of [3H]NE is triggered by an increase in [Ca2+]i, which is facilitated by sodium influx through the nicotinic receptor ionophore.

The Effect of Some Anions and Cations Upon the Fluxes and Net Uptake of Sodium in the Larva of Aedes Aegypti (L)

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. STOBBART
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anal Papillae

1. Starved 4th-instar larvae of Aädes aegypti, when put into deionized water at a density of ten larvae/20 ml., are able to achieve sodium balance at the low external concentration of 5µM Na/l. 2. The balancing process involves a 10% drop in total sodium content, a more or less complete activation of the mechanism for sodium transport, and a reduction in the permeability of the larva to sodium as measured by the net sodium loss into deionized water. It is very probable that most of this reduction occurs in the anal papillae. 3. The relationship between external sodium concentration and sodium influx in larvae previously ‘balanced’ in deionized water is described approximately by the Michaelis equation. The sodium outflux also increases with increasing external sodium concentrations. 4. The net uptake of sodium by ‘balanced larvae’ appears to be significantly greater from solutions of NaCl than from solutions of NaNO3 NaHCO3 and Na2SO4. 5. The ions K+ Ca++ Mg++ and NH4+ when present as chlorides stimulate the influx of sodium from 0.1 mM/l. sodium chloride. When present as nitrates or sulphates they either have no effect or cause an inhibition of influx. 6. The results in 4 and 5 suggest that movements of chloride may be important in sodium uptake, and chloride uptake has been found to occur independently of sodium uptake. Measurements of potential difference between haemolymph and medium demonstrate active transport of both sodium and chloride.

The Absorption of Sodium Ions by the Crayfish, Astacus Pallipes Lereboullet

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
True Measure

1. The effects of external and internal sodium concentrations on the uptake of sodium ions by the crayfish, Astacus pallipes, has been studied. 2. The normal sodium influx, measured with 24Na, from O.3 mM /l. NaCl solution is 1.5 µM./10 g. body weight/hr. The rate of loss of sodium to de-ionized water has roughly the same value. 3. Net loss of sodium reduces the external sodium concentration required for sodium balance. The minimum equilibrium concentration is about 0.04 mM./l. NaCl. 4. The relation between the external sodium concentration and the sodium influx is non-linear. The influx has a maximum of about 10 µM./10 g./hr. at an external concentration of approx. 1 mM./l. 5. The 24Na influx is a true measure of the sodium uptake rate at low external concentrations. At higher concentrations the influx may exceed the uptake rate by some 20%. 6. Net loss of sodium increases the influx by three to five times. Loss of 5-10% of the total internal sodium increases the influx from the normal to the maximum level. A 1% change has a significant effect on the influx. Changes in the internal sodium content reflect changes of the blood sodium concentration. 7. A scheme is suggested whereby the external and internal sodium concentrations interact together on the influx to produce a self-regulating system which maintains the animal in sodium balance.

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