scholarly journals Interpretation of DNA data within the context of UK forensic science — investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Pope ◽  
Roberto Puch-Solis
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
International Crime ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Kinship Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Y ◽  
Forensic Genetic

This article is the second part of a review of the interpretation of DNA data in forensic science. The first part describes the evaluation of autosomal profile for criminal trials where an evidential weight is assigned to the profile of a person of interest (POI) and a crime-scene profile. This part describes the state of the art and future advances in the interpretation of forensic DNA data for providing intelligence information during an investigation. Forensic DNA is crucial in the investigative phase of an undetected crime where a POI needs to be identified. A sample taken from a crime scene is profiled using a range of forensic DNA tests. This review covers investigation using autosomal profiles including searching national and international crime and reference DNA databases. Other investigative methodologies described are kinship analysis; familial searching; Y chromosome (Y-STR) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) profiles; appearance prediction and geographic ancestry; forensic genetic genealogy; and body identification. For completeness, the evaluation of Y-STRs, mtDNA and kinship analysis are briefly described. Taken together, parts I and II, cover the range of interpretation of DNA data in a forensic context.

scholarly journals Interpretation of DNA data within the context of UK forensic science — evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Puch-Solis ◽  
Susan Pope
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Database Search ◽  
Dna Profiling ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Kinship Analysis ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
Forensic Dna Profiling ◽  
The Uk

Forensic DNA provides a striking contribution to the provision of justice worldwide. It has proven to be crucial in the investigative phase of an unsolved crime where a suspect needs to be identified, e.g. from a DNA database search both nationally and internationally. It is also a powerful tool in the assignment of evidential weight to the comparison of a profile of a person of interest and a crime scene profile. The focus of this document is the evaluation of autosomal profiles for criminal trials in the UK. A separate review covers investigation and evaluation of Y-STR profiles, investigation using autosomal profiles, kinship analysis, body identification and Forensic Genetic Genealogy investigations. In less than 40 years, forensic DNA profiling has developed from a specialist technique to everyday use. Borrowing on advances in genome typing technology, forensic DNA profiling has experienced a substantial increase in its sensitivity and informativeness. Alongside this development, novel interpretation methodologies have also been introduced. This document describes the state of the art and future advances in the interpretation of forensic DNA data.

Forensic DNA Data Banks and Data Mining

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-104
Author(s):  
Frederick R. Bieber
Keyword(s):  
Crime Scene ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genetic Profiles ◽  
Dna Profiles ◽  
Forensic Genetic ◽  
Data Banks

This chapter discusses how comparing the genetic profiles from crime scene evidence with the profiles in a DNA database can identify persons of interest. Forensic data banks contain DNA extracts as well as computerized databases of coded DNA profiles of convicted offenders, arrestees, and crime scene samples. Searching forensic DNA data banks has provided key investigative leads in thousands of criminal investigations. The chapter explains familial searching, the search for a “partial” match of the evidence profile with a database profile, which leads to the identification of a suspect who is related to the individual in the database, and discusses several high-profile cases that have used this strategy. The recent cases solved by searching ancestry-based DNA databases (genealogics or forensic genetic genealogy) are discussed, as are the metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of DNA database mining as well as the legal and policy issues involved in balancing public safety with privacy interests.

scholarly journals Crime Scene Analysis Through DNA Testing of Canine Feces—A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Vishal Somnay ◽  
Thomas Duong ◽  
Ray-Young Tsao ◽  
Joseph A. Prahlow
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Scene Analysis ◽  
Dna Testing ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Forensic Dna Testing ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Crime Scene Analysis

Forensic DNA testing can play a critical role in homicide investigations. Selecting the appropriate evidence on which to perform DNA testing requires foresight and reasoning based on experience and science. Although successful DNA testing can occur using many substrates, including blood, hair, and sweat/epithelial cells, positive results can also result from testing various unorthodox samples. The authors report on a triple-murder investigation where DNA testing of dog feces at the crime scene matched DNA testing of feces found on the shoe of a suspect resulting in successful prosecution of the case.

Recovery of forensic traces with use of state-of-the-art. imaging techniques – system for marking, tracing and maintaining chain of custody

2018 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Adam Frankowski ◽  
◽  
Artur Dębski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Rfid Tags ◽  
Chain Of Custody

The article describes the possibility of using modern techniques for crime scene imaging and a perspective of creating a system for denominating, tracing and maintaining the chain of custody of evidence. In particular, it presents the possibility of reproducing a crime scene based on recorded images and measurements performed with use of special markings. The Authors describe the chain of custody over the evidence and automation of procedures thanks to use of RFiD tags.

The role of forensic science and forensic examination in international cooperation in the investigation of crimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
Valery Yu. Shepitko ◽  
Mykhaylo V. Shepitko
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Expert Witness ◽  
International Crime ◽  
National Level ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
International Level

The application of forensic science and expertise is a necessary prerequisite for the investigation of crimes at the local and national level. Without the use of forensic science and expertise, an investigation within the framework of a criminal process becomes dead and unsubstantiated. But with the globalisation of world processes, the development of technologies, the speed of information transmission, the formation of crime outside the borders of one state and its entry into the international level has become an urgent problem, which has become a challenge in countering such crime and the need to steer forensic science and expertise towards assisting law enforcement activities. A special feature of countering the investigation of crimes was the creation of international cooperation between forensic specialists and expert witnesses even prior to the establishment of practical institutions that could counteract them in practice. Therewith, some representatives of such international unions and associations have taken serious steps in creating mechanisms for real counteraction to crimes at the international level (R.A. Reiss, G. Soderman, M.Sh. Bassiuni). Coverage of the problem of international cooperation in the investigation of crimes through the definition of the role of forensic science and expertise allowed focusing on the following blocks: 1) international associations of forensic specialists for combating crime in the historical context; 2) international criminal police organisations in combating crime; 3) international cooperation in the field of conducting forensic examinations; 4) the use of forensic and special knowledge in the activities of the International Criminal Court. Thus, a combination of theory and practice in the fight against crime is demonstrated. Historically, this is associated with the role of forensic science and expertise in recording traces of crimes, analysing them, and forming legal, forensic, and expert witness opinions. The purpose of the study is to establish the decisive role of forensic science and expertise in international cooperation in the investigation of crimes. For this, the authors turned to forensic science and expertise, historical processes that served to create substantial international organisations created to counter international crime

Forensic Science Education by Crime Scene Investigation in Virtual Reality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Ru Chen ◽  
You-Qi Chang-Liao ◽  
Cheng-yu Lin ◽  
Deng-Ruei Tsai ◽  
Jia-He Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Science Education ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Crime Scene Investigation ◽  
Scene Investigation

Somatically Acquired Isodicentric Y and Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y in a Boy with Hypospadias

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Miyado ◽  
Koji Muroya ◽  
Momori Katsumi ◽  
Kazuki Saito ◽  
Masafumi Kon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Chromosome Y ◽  
Chromosomal Genes

Isodicentric Y chromosome [idic(Y)] represents a relatively common subtype of Y chromosomal rearrangements in the germline; however, limited evidence supports the postzygotic occurrence of idic(Y). Here, we report a boy with hypospadias and somatically acquired idic(Y). The 3.5-year-old boy has been identified in our previous study for patients with hypospadias. In the present study, cytogenetic analysis including FISH revealed a 45,X[5]/46,X,idic(Y)[7]/46,XY[8] karyotype. MLPA showed a mosaic deletion involving PPP1R12BP1 and RBMY2DP. The idic(Y) was likely to have been formed through aberrant recombination between P1 palindromes and subsequently underwent mosaic loss. The patient's phenotype was attributable to deletion of some Y chromosomal genes and/or mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY). The results suggest that idic(Y) can originate in postzygotic cells via palindrome-mediated crossovers. Moreover, our data indicate that somatically acquired idic(Y) can trigger mLOY, which usually appears as an aging-related phenomenon in elderly men.

scholarly journals Luminol in the forensic science

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela Rogiski Da Silva ◽  
Bruna Carla Agustini ◽  
André Luís Lopes Da Silva ◽  
Henrique Ravanhol Frigeri
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Sensitive Test ◽  
The Real ◽  
Final Verdict

In a crime scene, the collection of evidence and a subsequent laboratory analysis compose the fundamental steps to allow the expert to reveal the truth for the final verdict in a jury and to bring back the comfort to the victim’s family. Bloodstains are usually found and sent to laboratories as a vestige to unravel the origin of the material. However, some scenes are modified in order to conceal the real culprit for the criminal act. For these cases, the luminol reagent can be useful. This test is very often used to visualize occult blood. Luminol is considered the most sensitive test once it can identify the blood presence in scale of nanograms. When this reagent comes into contact with blood,the light emission occurs through a phenomenon known as  chemiluminescence. This luminescence can be produced by other interfering compounds, leading to a misinterpretation for the presence of blood. Despite this shortcoming, the present review article highlights the indispensability of the reagent luminol on a crime scene.

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