Cost-Effective Prediction of Reading Difficulties

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve M. Heath ◽  
John H. Hogben
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Screening Procedure ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Reading Problems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Auditory Temporal Processing ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Reading Outcomes

This study addressed 2 questions: (a) Can preschoolers who will fail at reading be more efficiently identified by targeting those at highest risk for reading problems? and (b) will auditory temporal processing (ATP) improve the accuracy of identification derived from phonological processing and oral language ability? A sample of 227 preschoolers was screened for Performance IQ and was tested on phonological awareness (PA). The upper and lower quartiles of the PA distribution were selected as being at lowest and highest risk, respectively, for reading failure. Children with good and poor PA were tested on ATP, phonological short-term memory, rapid automatized naming, oral language, receptive vocabulary, and 2 measures of listening comprehension. Reading outcomes were measured at the end of Year 2. Only 1 child in he good-PA group became a poor reader by the end of Year 2, confirming that being in the top quartile for PA predicts positive reading outcomes. Discriminant analysis using the authors’ test battery within the poor-PA group identified poor readers with sensitivity of.91 and specificity of.84, but ATP did not improve classification accuracy afforded by phonological and oral language. A brief screening procedure was formulated using only PA, phonological short-term memory, and demographic variables, with which 80% of children with poor PA who are at risk of reading problems can be identified. Further refinements of this screening procedure would increase accuracy of identification at the cost of only a small increment in required testing time.

scholarly journals Visuospatial and Verbal Short-Term Memory Correlates of Vocabulary Ability in Preschool Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 2249-2258
Author(s):  
Stephanie F. Stokes ◽  
Thomas Klee ◽  
Myriam Kornisch ◽  
Lisa Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Longitudinal Outcomes ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
English Speaking

Background Recent studies indicate that school-age children's patterns of performance on measures of verbal and visuospatial short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) differ across types of neurodevelopmental disorders. Because these disorders are often characterized by early language delay, administering STM and WM tests to toddlers could improve prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Toddler-appropriate verbal, but not visuospatial, STM and WM tasks are available. A toddler-appropriate visuospatial STM test is introduced. Method Tests of verbal STM, visuospatial STM, expressive vocabulary, and receptive vocabulary were administered to 92 English-speaking children aged 2–5 years. Results Mean test scores did not differ for boys and girls. Visuospatial and verbal STM scores were not significantly correlated when age was partialed out. Age, visuospatial STM scores, and verbal STM scores accounted for unique variance in expressive (51%, 3%, and 4%, respectively) and receptive vocabulary scores (53%, 5%, and 2%, respectively) in multiple regression analyses. Conclusion Replication studies, a fuller test battery comprising visuospatial and verbal STM and WM tests, and a general intelligence test are required before exploring the usefulness of these STM tests for predicting longitudinal outcomes. The lack of an association between the STM tests suggests that the instruments have face validity and test independent STM skills.

scholarly journals Construction of the Open Oral Evaluation Model Based on the Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhixin Chen ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Zhiyuan Li ◽  
Anchu Li
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Scoring Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

According to the problem of low efficiency and low scoring accuracy of the traditional oral language scoring system, this study builds an open oral language evaluation model based on the basic principles of deep learning technology. Firstly, the basic methods of the convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network are introduced. Then, we combine the convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to design an open oral scoring model based on CNN + LSTM, which divides the oral evaluation model into the speech scoring model and text scoring model and makes a specific implementation of two scoring models, respectively. An experimental environment is then built to preprocess the data, and finally, the model built in this study is trained and simulated. The experimental results show that the CNN + LSTM network evaluation model has a better comprehensive scoring performance, higher scoring efficiency, and higher accuracy and has feasibility and practicability.

Verbal Short-Term Memory in Down Syndrome

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Jarrold ◽  
Alan D. Baddeley ◽  
Caroline E. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Recall Procedure ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Motor Difficulties

The current study explored three possible explanations of poor verbal short-term memory performance among individuals with Down syndrome in an attempt to determine whether the condition is associated with a fundamental verbal shortterm memory deficit. The short-term memory performance of a group of 19 children and young adults with Down syndrome was contrasted with that of two control groups matched for level of receptive vocabulary. The specificity of a deficit was assessed by comparing memory for verbal and visuo-spatial information. The effect of auditory problems on performance was examined by contrasting memory for auditorily presented material with that for material presented both auditorily and visually. The influence of speech-motor difficulties was investigated by employing both a traditional recall procedure and a serial recognition procedure that reduced spoken response demands. Results confirmed that individuals with Down syndrome do show impaired verbal short-term memory performance for their level of receptive vocabulary. The findings also indicated that this deficit is specific to memory for verbal information and is not primarily caused by auditory or speech-production difficulties.

scholarly journals Auditory, Phonological, and Semantic Factors in the Recovery From Wernicke’s Aphasia Poststroke: Predictive Value and Implications for Rehabilitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 800-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Robson ◽  
Timothy D. Griffiths ◽  
Manon Grube ◽  
Anna M. Woollams
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Auditory Temporal Processing ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Wernicke's Aphasia

Background. Understanding the factors that influence language recovery in aphasia is important for improving prognosis and treatment. Chronic comprehension impairments in Wernicke’s aphasia (WA) are associated with impairments in auditory and phonological processing, compounded by semantic and executive difficulties. This study investigated whether the recovery of auditory, phonological, semantic, or executive factors underpins the recovery from WA comprehension impairments by charting changes in the neuropsychological profile from the subacute to the chronic phase. Method. This study used a prospective, longitudinal observational design. Twelve WA participants with superior temporal lobe lesions were recruited 2 months post–stroke onset (2 MPO). Language comprehension was measured alongside a neuropsychological profile of auditory, phonological, and semantic processing and phonological short-term memory and nonverbal reasoning at 3 poststroke time points: 2.5, 5, and 9 MPO. Results. Language comprehension displayed a strong and consistent recovery between 2.5 and 9 MPO. Improvements were also seen for slow auditory temporal processing, phonological short-term memory, and semantic processing but not for rapid auditory temporal, spectrotemporal, and phonological processing. Despite their lack of improvement, rapid auditory temporal processing at 2.5 MPO and phonological processing at 5 MPO predicated comprehension outcomes at 9 MPO. Conclusions. These results indicate that recovery of language comprehension in WA can be predicted from fixed auditory processing in the subacute stage. This suggests that speech comprehension recovery in WA results from reorganization of the remaining language comprehension network to enable the residual speech signal to be processed more efficiently, rather than partial recovery of underlying auditory, phonological, or semantic processing abilities.

Short-term memory, working memory and linguistic abilities in bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Talli ◽  
Stavroula Stavrakaki
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Word Repetition

This article investigates verbal short-term memory (vSTM) and verbal working memory (vWM) abilities and their relation to lexical and syntactic abilities in monolingual (mono-) and bilingual (bi-) children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and typical development (TD). The authors employed the following tasks: vSTM (non-word repetition and forward digit span), vWM (backward digit span), receptive vocabulary, syntactic production (sentence repetition) and syntactic comprehension (relative clauses, reflexives and passives). While the mono- and bi-DLD groups underperformed the mono- and bi-TD groups respectively in all tasks, the two clinical groups differed only in receptive vocabulary. vSTM was a significant predictor of syntactic performance for both monolinguals and bilinguals, while vWM was a significant predictor of syntactic performance only for bilinguals. These findings suggest that impairments in vSTM, wVM and syntax are core clinical features in DLD, and that vWM makes a greater contribution to syntax in bilinguals than in monolinguals.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

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