scholarly journals Factors Affecting Sensitivity to Frequency Change in School-Age Children and Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1972-1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Buss ◽  
Crystal N. Taylor ◽  
Lori J. Leibold
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Temporal Cues

Purpose The factors affecting frequency discrimination in school-age children are poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to evaluate developmental effects related to memory for pitch and the utilization of temporal fine structure. Method Listeners were 5.1- to 13.6-year-olds and adults, all with normal hearing. A subgroup of children had musical training. The task was a 3-alternative forced choice in which listeners identified the interval with the higher frequency tone or the tone characterized by frequency modulation (FM). The standard was 500 or 5000 Hz, and the FM rate was either 2 or 20 Hz. Results Thresholds tended to be higher for younger children than for older children and adults for all conditions, although this age effect was smaller for FM detection than for pure-tone frequency discrimination. Neither standard frequency nor modulation rate affected the child/adult difference FM thresholds. Children with musical training performed better than their peers on pure-tone frequency discrimination at 500 Hz. Conclusions Testing frequency discrimination using a low-rate FM detection task may minimize effects related to cognitive factors like memory for pitch or training effects. Maturation of frequency discrimination does not appear to differ across conditions in which listeners are hypothesized to rely on temporal cues and place cues.

scholarly journals Pure-Tone Frequency Discrimination in Preschoolers, Young School-Age Children, and Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2440-2445
Author(s):  
Jane Rose ◽  
Mary Flaherty ◽  
Jenna Browning ◽  
Lori J. Leibold ◽  
Emily Buss
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Published Data ◽  
School Age ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Standard Frequency ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Forced Choice Procedure ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Interval Observer

Purpose Published data indicate nearly adultlike frequency discrimination in infants but large child–adult differences for school-age children. This study evaluated the role that differences in measurement procedures and stimuli may have played in the apparent nonmonotonicity. Frequency discrimination was assessed in preschoolers, young school-age children, and adults using stimuli and procedures that have previously been used to test infants. Method Listeners were preschoolers (3–4 years), young school-age children (5–6 years), and adults (19–38 years). Performance was assessed using a single-interval, observer-based method and a continuous train of stimuli, similar to that previously used to evaluate infants. Testing was completed using 500- and 5000-Hz standard tones, fixed within a set of trials. Thresholds for frequency discrimination were obtained using an adaptive, two-down one-up procedure. Adults and most school-age children responded by raising their hands. An observer-based, conditioned-play response was used to test preschoolers and those school-age children for whom the hand-raise procedure was not effective for conditioning. Results Results suggest an effect of age and frequency on thresholds but no interaction between these 2 factors. A lower proportion of preschoolers completed training compared with young school-age children. For those children who completed training, however, thresholds did not improve significantly with age; both groups of children performed more poorly than adults. Performance was better for the 500-Hz standard frequency compared with the 5000-Hz standard frequency. Conclusions Thresholds for school-age children were broadly similar to those previously observed using a forced-choice procedure. Although there was a trend for improved performance with increasing age, no significant age effect was observed between preschoolers and school-age children. The practice of excluding participants based on failure to meet conditioning criteria in an observer-based task could contribute to the relatively good performance observed for preschoolers in this study and the adultlike performance previously observed in infants.

Time-Based Prospective Memory in Schoolchildren

2011 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babett Voigt ◽  
Ingo Aberle ◽  
Judith Schönfeld ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Strategic Monitoring ◽  
Primary School Age

The present study examined age differences in time-based prospective memory (TBPM) in primary school age children and tested the role of self-initiated memory retrieval and strategic time monitoring (TM) as possible developmental mechanisms. Fifty-four children were recruited from local primary schools (27 younger children, mean age = 7.2 ± 0.55 years, and 27 older children, mean age = 9.61 ± 0.71 years). The task was a driving game scenario in which children had to drive a vehicle (ongoing task) and to remember to refuel before the vehicle runs out of gas (TBPM task, i.e., the fuel gauge served as child-appropriate time equivalent). Fuel gauge was either displayed permanently (low level of self-initiation) or could only be viewed on demand by hitting a button (high level of self-initiation). The results revealed age-dependent TBPM differences with better performance in older children. In contrast, level of self-initiated memory retrieval did not affect TBPM performance. However, strategies of TM influenced TBPM, as more frequent time checking was related to better performance. Patterns of time checking frequency differed according to children’s age and course of the game, suggesting difficulties in maintaining initial strategic TM in younger children. Taken together, the study revealed ongoing development of TBPM across primary school age. Observed age differences seemed to be associated with the ability to maintain strategic monitoring.

Effects of Eye Color on the Accuracy of Ball Throwing of Elementary School Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Beer ◽  
Paula Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Elementary School Age

Light-eyed individuals generally perform better at self-paced activities while dark-eyed individuals perform better at reactive activities. In throwing a ball at a target there were no differences between light- and dark-eyed elementary school-age children. Boys hit the target more times than did girls, and older children in upper grades hit the target more often than did younger children in lower grades.

Alimentary factors affecting the formation of the nutritional status of school-age children

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
O.V. Sazonova ◽  
◽  
L.I. Mazur ◽  
S.A. Pyrkova ◽  
M.Yu. Gavryushin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Sixth Graders ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Meals ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Confectionery Products ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Objective. To reveal the dependence of the alimentary factor’s influence on the formation of nutritional status disorders in organized groups of school-age children. Patients and methods. A sample questionnaire and an anthropometric survey of 488 school children aged 8–9 years (group 1), 12–13 years (group 2) and 16–17 years (group 3) were conducted. Nutritional status was analyzed by anthropometric measurements using regional modified regression scales for the Samara Region. The analysis of the results obtained, including the risk of nutritional status disorders, was performed with the use of parametric statistical procedures. Results. Hot school meals were provided to 85.6% of pupils in grades 2–3, to 55.6% of sixth graders and 36.4% of pupils in the senior classes. A rational diet was revealed in 18.3% of cases in the junior school group and only in 7.0% of cases in group 3. The consumption of bread and bakery products, vegetables, fruits, milk, and dairy products increases by high school age. The frequency of fish and seafood consumption in most cases in each age group is limited to a few meals per month. Anthropometric studies showed a significant increase in the proportion of children with nutritional status disorders (underweight or overweight) between the ages of 12 and 17. Conclusion. The risk of nutritional status disorders in the examined children was due to the high frequency of consumption of bakery and confectionery products, decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and infrequent meals. Key words: school meals, regimen, nutritional structure, nutritional status

The impact of an unconditional parental benefit on employment of mothers

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kurowska
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to solve the puzzle of the disproportionately lower employment rate of mothers of toddlers with relation to the employment rate of mothers of preschool and school-age children in Estonia. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on the Most Similar System Design and compares Estonia with Lithuania. The applied methods include inferential statistics and microsimulation techniques, employing the OECD Benefits and Wages Calculator, the OECD Family Support Calculator and EUROMOD – the European tax-benefit microsimulation model. Findings The comparison revealed that the overwhelming majority of the crucial aspects of socio-cultural, economic and institutional conditions were more favourable for maternal employment in Estonia than in Lithuania. This explains the higher maternal employment rates both for mothers of pre-schoolers and school-age children in Estonia. However, one particular element of the institutional context targeted to the mothers of toddlers – the unconditional parental benefit – had an entirely opposite character. This particular feature of the parental leave scheme was the only factor that could explain why the employment rate of mothers of toddlers is disproportionately lower than the employment rate of mothers of older children in Estonia and much lower than the employment of mothers of toddlers in Lithuania. Originality/value This study complements previous research by providing evidence on the relative importance of universal parental benefit schemes in the context of other country-specific conditions for maternal employment, including the availability of institutional childcare. Furthermore, the results presented show that childcare regime typologies, at least those that characterise Eastern European countries, should be more sensitive to children’s age.

scholarly journals Functional Role of Auditory Cortex in Frequency Processing and Pitch Perception

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Jude Tramo ◽  
Gaurav D. Shah ◽  
Louis D. Braida
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Frequency Selectivity ◽  
Frequency Resolution ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Difference Thresholds ◽  
Frequency Processing

Microelectrode studies in nonhuman primates and other mammals have demonstrated that many neurons in auditory cortex are excited by pure tone stimulation only when the tone's frequency lies within a narrow range of the audible spectrum. However, the effects of auditory cortex lesions in animals and humans have been interpreted as evidence against the notion that neuronal frequency selectivity is functionally relevant to frequency discrimination. Here we report psychophysical and anatomical evidence in favor of the hypothesis that fine-grained frequency resolution at the perceptual level relies on neuronal frequency selectivity in auditory cortex. An adaptive procedure was used to measure difference thresholds for pure tone frequency discrimination in five humans with focal brain lesions and eight normal controls. Only the patient with bilateral lesions of primary auditory cortex and surrounding areas showed markedly elevated frequency difference thresholds: Weber fractions for frequency direction discrimination (“higher”—“lower” pitch judgments) were about eightfold higher than Weber fractions measured in patients with unilateral lesions of auditory cortex, auditory midbrain, or dorsolateral frontal cortex; Weber fractions for frequency change discrimination (“same”—“different” pitch judgments) were about seven times higher. In contrast, pure-tone detection thresholds, difference thresholds for pure tone duration discrimination centered at 500 ms, difference thresholds for vibrotactile intensity discrimination, and judgments of visual line orientation were within normal limits or only mildly impaired following bilateral auditory cortex lesions. In light of current knowledge about the physiology and anatomy of primate auditory cortex and a review of previous lesion studies, we interpret the present results as evidence that fine-grained frequency processing at the perceptual level relies on the integrity of finely tuned neurons in auditory cortex.

Factors affecting the dietary choices in school-age children

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. e69
Author(s):  
Maria Sioki ◽  
Mary Yiannakoulia ◽  
Petros Skapinakis ◽  
Dimitris Niakas
Keyword(s):  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dietary Choices

scholarly journals The Effects of Visual Cues, Blindfolding, Synesthetic Experience, and Musical Training on Pure-Tone Frequency Discrimination

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Cho Tse ◽  
Calvin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Difference Limen ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Music Practice ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Multiple Resource ◽  
Auditory Impairment

How perceptual limits can be reduced has long been examined by psychologists. This study investigated whether visual cues, blindfolding, visual-auditory synesthetic experience, and musical training could facilitate a smaller frequency difference limen (FDL) in a gliding frequency discrimination test. Ninety university students, with no visual or auditory impairment, were recruited for this one-between (blindfolded/visual cues) and one-within (control/experimental session) designed study. Their FDLs were tested by an alternative forced-choice task (gliding upwards/gliding downwards/no change) and two questionnaires (Vividness of Mental Imagery Questionnaire and Projector–Associator Test) were used to assess their tendency to synesthesia. The participants provided with visual cues and with musical training showed a significantly smaller FDL; on the other hand, being blindfolded or having a synesthetic experience before could not significantly reduce the FDL. However, no pattern was found between the perception of the gliding upwards and gliding downwards frequencies. Overall, the current study suggests that the inter-sensory perception can be enhanced through the training and facilitation of visual–auditory interaction under the multiple resource model. Future studies are recommended in order to verify the effects of music practice on auditory percepts, and the different mechanisms between perceiving gliding upwards and downwards frequencies.

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