scholarly journals Neural Processes Underlying Nonword Rhyme Differentiate Eventual Stuttering Persistence and Recovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 2535-2554
Author(s):  
Amanda Hampton Wray ◽  
Gregory Spray
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
Phonological Priming ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Phonological Skills ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Developmental Stuttering

Purpose Phonological skills have been associated with developmental stuttering. The current study aimed to determine whether the neural processes underlying phonology, specifically for nonword rhyming, differentiated stuttering persistence and recovery. Method Twenty-six children who stutter (CWS) and 18 children who do not stutter, aged 5 years, completed an auditory nonword rhyming task. Event-related brain potentials were elicited by prime, rhyming, and nonrhyming targets. CWS were followed longitudinally to determine eventual persistence ( n = 14) or recovery ( n = 12). This is a retrospective analysis of data acquired when all CWS presented as stuttering. Results CWS who eventually recovered and children who do not stutter exhibited the expected rhyme effect, with larger event-related brain potential amplitudes elicited by nonrhyme targets compared to rhyme targets. In contrast, CWS who eventually persisted exhibited a reverse rhyme effect, with larger responses to rhyme than nonrhyme targets. Conclusions These findings suggest that CWS who eventually persisted are not receiving the same benefit of phonological priming as CWS who eventually recovered for complex nonword rhyming tasks. These results indicate divergent patterns of phonological processing in young CWS who eventually persisted, especially for difficult tasks with limited semantic context, and suggest that the age of 5 years may be an important developmental period for phonology in CWS. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12682874

scholarly journals Neural Indices Mediating Rhyme Discrimination Differ for Some Young Children Who Stutter Regardless of Eventual Recovery or Persistence

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn L. Gerwin ◽  
Christine Weber
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
N400 Component ◽  
The Mean

Purpose Previous studies of neural processing of rhyme discrimination in 7- to 8-year-old children who stutter (CWS) distinguished children who had recovered, children who had persisted, and children who did not stutter (CWNS; Mohan & Weber, 2015). Here, we investigate neural processing mediating rhyme discrimination for early acquired real words in younger CWS and CWNS (4;1–6;0 years;months), when rhyming abilities are newly emerging, to examine possible relationships to eventual recovery (CWS-eRec) and persistence in stuttering (CWS-ePer). Method Children performed a rhyme discrimination task while their event-related brain potentials were recorded. CWNS, CWS-eRec, and CWS-ePer had similar speech and language abilities. Inclusionary criteria incorporated at least 70% accuracy for rhyme discrimination. Analyses focused on the mean amplitude of the N400 component elicited by rhyming and nonrhyming words in anterior and posterior regions of interest. Results CWNS, CWS-eRec, and CWS-ePer displayed a classic event-related potential rhyme effect for rhyme discrimination characterized by larger amplitude, posteriorly distributed N400s elicited by nonrhyming targets compared to rhyming targets. CWNS displayed a more robust anterior rhyme effect compared to the CWS groups with a larger amplitude N400 anteriorly for the rhyming targets. This effect was more consistent across individual CWNS than CWS. Conclusions The groups of CWNS, CWS-eRec, and CWS-ePer, who had all developed rhyming discrimination abilities, exhibited similar underlying neural processes mediating phonological processing of early acquired words for the classic central-parietal rhyme effect. However, individual variability of the anterior rhyme effect suggested differences in specific aspects of phonological processing for some CWS-eRec and CWS-ePer compared to CWNS.

scholarly journals Novel Adjective Processing in Preschool Children: Evidence From Event-Related Brain Potentials

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 542-560
Author(s):  
Katelyn L. Gerwin ◽  
Laurence B. Leonard ◽  
Jennifer Schumaker ◽  
Patricia Deevy ◽  
Eileen Haebig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Late Positive Component ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Related Potentials

Purpose Recent findings in preschool children indicated novel adjective recall was enhanced when learned using repeated retrieval with contextual reinstatement (RRCR) compared to repeated study (RS). Recall was similar for learned pictures used during training and new (generalized) pictures with the same adjective features. The current study compared the effects of learning method and learned/generalized pictures on the neural processes mediating the recognition of novel adjectives. Method Twenty typically developing children aged 4;6–5;11 (years;months) learned four novel adjectives, two using RRCR and two using RS. Five-minute and 1-week tests assessed adjective recall using learned and generalized pictures. Also, at the 1-week visit, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to assess children's processing of learned/generalized pictures, followed by naturally spoken novel adjectives in a match–mismatch paradigm. Results Naming recall and match–mismatch judgment accuracy were similar for the RS and RRCR conditions and across learned/generalized pictures. However, ERPs revealed more reliable condition effects in the phonological mapping negativity, indexing phonological expectations, and the late positive component, indexing semantic reanalysis, for the adjectives learned in the RRCR relative to the RS condition. Unfamiliar pictures (generalized) elicited larger amplitude N300 and N400 components relative to learned pictures. Conclusions Although behavioral accuracy measures suggest similar effects of the RS and RRCR learning conditions, subtle differences in the ERPs underlying novel adjective processing indicate advantages of RRCR for phonological processing and semantic reanalysis. While children readily generalized the novel adjectives, ERPs revealed greater cognitive resources for processing unfamiliar compared to learned pictures of the novel adjective characteristics. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13683214

Slow Brain Potential and Oscillatory EEG Manifestations of Impaired Temporal Preparation in Parkinson's Disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 2848-2857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Praamstra ◽  
Paul Pope
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Temporal Preparation ◽  
Implicit Timing ◽  
Slow Brain Potentials

Performance in behavioral tasks is influenced by temporal expectations shaped by the temporal structure of the task. Such implicit temporal preparation is reflected in slow brain potentials and electroencephalographic oscillations and is attributed to interval timing mechanisms that probably depend on intact basal ganglia function. We investigated implicit timing in Parkinson's disease using a choice reaction task with two temporally regular stimulus presentation regimes, both including occasional deviant interstimulus intervals. Control subjects, but not patients, demonstrated temporal preparation in the form of an adjustment in time course of slow brain potentials to the duration of the interstimulus interval. However, in both groups, timing perturbations were accompanied by a slow brain potential amplitude drop at the time of expected stimulus occurrence, demonstrating intact representation of time in patients. In patients, oscillatory activity in beta and alpha bands showed attenuated preparatory desynchronization and reduced postmovement event-related synchronization, reflecting abnormal engagement and disengagement of sensorimotor and parietal areas. The results demonstrate profoundly deficient temporal preparation with preserved encoding of temporal information, a dissociation that may be explained by impaired dopamine-dependent motor learning. The results are discussed in the context of recent work on oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia.

A role for putamen in phonological processing in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARIKA CHERODATH ◽  
CHAITRA RAO ◽  
RASHI MIDHA ◽  
SUMATHI T A ◽  
NANDINI C SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Phonological Skills ◽  
Nonword Reading ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Post Hoc

Bilingual children are required to successfully develop phonological skills in two languages, yet little is known about the neural correlates associated with them. We obtained structural imaging data from 30 Hindi–English children aged between 8 and 10 years and used voxel based morphometry to explore neuroanatomical correlates of behavioural measures of phonological awareness. Our results showed that phonological skills in English are predicted by grey matter volume of bilateral putamen, but solely by right putamen in Hindi. Post-hoc analysis revealed that English nonword reading correlates with grey matter volume in bilateral putamen while in Hindi nonword reading it correlates only with right putamen. These differences in putamen-based mechanisms indicate that syllable level awareness sufficiently supports early literacy in the transparent, alphasyllabic Hindi orthography whereas that in English requires both phonemic and syllabic level awareness. Our findings point towards a key role for putamen in mediating phonological and reading skills in children.

Effects of Second Language Study of Phonemic Discrimination and Auditory Event-Related Potentials in Adults

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson D. Grubb ◽  
Anita M. Bush ◽  
Charles R. Geist
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Auditory Event ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Language Study ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Auditory Event Related Potentials

This study was designed to investigate the effects of acquisition of a second language on auditory event-related brain potentials and discrimination of foreign language phonemes by 36 women (ages 18 to 47 years), and 25 men (ages 18 to 36 years) and of varying linguistic background, in response to synthetic versions of Japanese phonemes. Subjects were subsequently tested on discrimination between spoken Japanese phonemes. Analysis indicated that the men and women differed in phonological processing and in the way acquisition of the second language affected phonological processing.

scholarly journals A central component of the N1 event-related brain potential could index the early and automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Touzel ◽  
Christine Snidal ◽  
Julia Segal ◽  
Louis Renoult ◽  
J. Bruno Debruille
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Press ◽  
Initial Activation ◽  
Early Inhibition

AbstractStimuli of the environment, like objects, systematically activate the actions they are associated to. These activations occur extremely fast. Nevertheless, behavioural data reveal that, in most cases, these activations are then automatically inhibited, around 100 ms after the occurrence of the stimulus. We thus tested whether this early inhibition could be indexed by a central component of the N1 event-related brain potential (ERP). To achieve that goal, we looked at whether this ERP component is greater in tasks that could increase the inhibition and in trials where reaction times happen to be long. The illumination of a real space bar of a keyboard out of the dark was used as a stimulus. To maximize the modulation of the inhibition, the task participants had to performed was manipulated across blocks. A look-only task and a count task were used to increase inhibition and an immediate press task was used to decrease it. ERPs of the two block-conditions where presses had to be prevented and where the largest central N1s were predicted were compared to those elicited in the press task, differentiating the ERPs to the third of the trials where presses were the slowest from the ERPs to the third of the trials with the fastest presses. Despite larger negativities due to motor potentials and despite greater attention likely in immediate press-trials, central N1s were found to be minimal for the fastest presses, intermediate for the slowest ones and maximal for the two no-press conditions. These results thus provide a strong support for the idea that the central N1 indexes an early and short lasting automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects. They also confirm that the strength of this automatic inhibition spontaneously fluctuates across trials and tasks. On the other hand, just before N1s, parietal P1s were found greater for fastest presses. They might thus index the initial activation of these actions. Finally, consistent with the idea that N300s index late inhibition processes, that occur preferentially when the task requires them, these ERPs were quasi absent for fast presses trials and much larger in the three other conditions.HighlightsEvent-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by a real objectSmaller parietal P1s and greater central N1s for slowest than for fastest motor responsesEven greater central N1s for tasks without such responsesCentral N1s may index early inhibition of stimulus-activated actionsN300s could index late inhibition of stimulus-activated actions

Global Semantic Expectancy and Language Comprehension

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie St. George ◽  
Suzanne Mannes ◽  
James E. Hoffinan
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Final Word ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
N400 Amplitude ◽  
Early Visual Processing ◽  
Global Coherence ◽  
N400 Component

Previous research on the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) has dealt primarily with measuring the degree of expectancy on the part of the reader as a result of the context within a sentence. Research has shown that when the final word in a sentence is unexpected or incoherent, a greater N400 amplitude is elicited than if the final word is expected or coherent within the context of the sentence. The present study investigated whether the N400 component is sensitive to global, as well as local, semantic expectancy. Global coherence refers to the ease with which subjects can relate the current proposition they are reading with theme-related ideas. In the present study, the effect of global coherence on event-related brain potentials was tested using four titled and untitled paragraphs (Bransford & Johnson, 1972; Dooling & Lachman, 1971), presented one word at a time. These paragraphs are noncoherent, and are made coherent only with the presentation of a title. The EEG was recorded in response to every word in all four paragraphs. We found an increase in N400 amplitude in response to the words in the Untitled paragraphs relative to the Titled paragraphs, indicating that global coherence does affect the N400. In addition, subjects in the Titled group showed an enhanced P1-N1 component relative to the Untitled group suggesting that the presence of global coherence allows greater attention to be allocated to early visual processing of words.

Evidence for Superior Orthographic Skills in Dyslexics

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda S Siegel ◽  
David Share ◽  
Esther Geva
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Reading Strategy ◽  
Orthographic Awareness ◽  
Reading Levels ◽  
Phonological Skills ◽  
Normally Achieving ◽  
Word Attack ◽  
Phonological Features

The purpose of this study was to assess the development of both phonological and orthographic skills in normally achieving and dyslexic readers The subjects were 257 dyslexic and 342 normally achieving readers, matched at eight reading levels They were administered the Woodcock (1987) Word Attack Subtest, a measure of phonological skills requiring the reading of pseudowords, and an orthographic awareness task designed to measure awareness of the properties of English words and the probable sequences and positions of letters within words The dyslexics had significantly higher scores than the normally achieving readers on the orthographic awareness task However, the normally achieving readers had significantly higher scores on the Word Attack Subtest Therefore, the difficulties with phonological processing and the increased orthographic awareness of the dyslexics may indicate a reading strategy that relies more on the visual than the phonological features of words

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