scholarly journals A central component of the N1 event-related brain potential could index the early and automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Touzel ◽  
Christine Snidal ◽  
Julia Segal ◽  
Louis Renoult ◽  
J. Bruno Debruille
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Press ◽  
Initial Activation ◽  
Early Inhibition

AbstractStimuli of the environment, like objects, systematically activate the actions they are associated to. These activations occur extremely fast. Nevertheless, behavioural data reveal that, in most cases, these activations are then automatically inhibited, around 100 ms after the occurrence of the stimulus. We thus tested whether this early inhibition could be indexed by a central component of the N1 event-related brain potential (ERP). To achieve that goal, we looked at whether this ERP component is greater in tasks that could increase the inhibition and in trials where reaction times happen to be long. The illumination of a real space bar of a keyboard out of the dark was used as a stimulus. To maximize the modulation of the inhibition, the task participants had to performed was manipulated across blocks. A look-only task and a count task were used to increase inhibition and an immediate press task was used to decrease it. ERPs of the two block-conditions where presses had to be prevented and where the largest central N1s were predicted were compared to those elicited in the press task, differentiating the ERPs to the third of the trials where presses were the slowest from the ERPs to the third of the trials with the fastest presses. Despite larger negativities due to motor potentials and despite greater attention likely in immediate press-trials, central N1s were found to be minimal for the fastest presses, intermediate for the slowest ones and maximal for the two no-press conditions. These results thus provide a strong support for the idea that the central N1 indexes an early and short lasting automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects. They also confirm that the strength of this automatic inhibition spontaneously fluctuates across trials and tasks. On the other hand, just before N1s, parietal P1s were found greater for fastest presses. They might thus index the initial activation of these actions. Finally, consistent with the idea that N300s index late inhibition processes, that occur preferentially when the task requires them, these ERPs were quasi absent for fast presses trials and much larger in the three other conditions.HighlightsEvent-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by a real objectSmaller parietal P1s and greater central N1s for slowest than for fastest motor responsesEven greater central N1s for tasks without such responsesCentral N1s may index early inhibition of stimulus-activated actionsN300s could index late inhibition of stimulus-activated actions

Skipping Breakfast Affects the Early Steps of Cognitive Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Andrés Antonio González-Garrido ◽  
Jacobo José Brofman-Epelbaum ◽  
Fabiola Reveca Gómez-Velázquez ◽  
Sebastián Agustín Balart-Sánchez ◽  
Julieta Ramos-Loyo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
Skipping Breakfast

Abstract. It has been generally accepted that skipping breakfast adversely affects cognition, mainly disturbing the attentional processes. However, the effects of short-term fasting upon brain functioning are still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effect of skipping breakfast on cognitive processing by studying the electrical brain activity of young healthy individuals while performing several working memory tasks. Accordingly, the behavioral results and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) of 20 healthy university students (10 males) were obtained and compared through analysis of variances (ANOVAs), during the performance of three n-back working memory (WM) tasks in two morning sessions on both normal (after breakfast) and 12-hour fasting conditions. Significantly fewer correct responses were achieved during fasting, mainly affecting the higher WM load task. In addition, there were prolonged reaction times with increased task difficulty, regardless of breakfast intake. ERP showed a significant voltage decrement for N200 and P300 during fasting, while the amplitude of P200 notably increased. The results suggest skipping breakfast disturbs earlier cognitive processing steps, particularly attention allocation, early decoding in working memory, and stimulus evaluation, and this effect increases with task difficulty.

The Relation Between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hao Wang ◽  
Chun-Ming Shih ◽  
Chia-Liang Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
P3 Amplitude ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. This study aimed to assess whether brain potentials have significant influences on the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition. Behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data was collected from 48 young adults when performing a Posner task. Higher aerobic fitness is related to faster reaction times (RTs) along with greater P3 amplitude and shorter P3 latency in the valid trials, after controlling for age and body mass index. Moreover, RTs were selectively related to P3 amplitude rather than P3 latency. Specifically, the bootstrap-based mediation model indicates that P3 amplitude mediates the relationship between fitness level and attention performance. Possible explanations regarding the relationships among aerobic fitness, cognitive performance, and brain potentials are discussed.

The Revival and the Third Movie

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Mordden
Keyword(s):  
Due Process ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Profit ◽  
The Press ◽  
Show Business ◽  
Murder Trials ◽  
Public Reaction

This chapter discusses the revival of Chicago as well as its movie adaptation. At the same time, the chapter refers to the infamous O. J. Simpson trial in describing Watkins’ own feeling that the press was shaping public reaction to murder trials to exculpate the guilty. Considering the show-biz aspect of the whole Simpson chronicle, the lesson everyone took from this case was that high-profit justice is show business by other means: the very message of Chicago. With the nation more or less transfixed by this staged miscarriage of due process, the musical’s lesson was at last learned. Finally, the chapter examines further themes and lessons from the film, as well as the national art of the musical as a whole.

Journalistic objectivity and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Harris Parker
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Daily Show ◽  
Daily Show ◽  
The Third ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The press is a constitutive part of our society. It helps create national identities and formulates society's understanding of itself and its place in the world. Moreover, a free press is indispensable for ensuring the vibrancy of a democracy. For these reasons, a close inspection of news, and an evaluation of its performance, is crucial. We must look to the development of the mass press at the turn of the twentieth century to locate the beginnings of journalistic objectivity and the type of news we are familiar with today. The first section of this paper offers a review of accounts of this transformational period, placing opposing theories within the larger framework of the frictions between cultural studies and political economy, and underscores the need for a holistic understanding of the period. The second section chronicles the press's articulation of its new professional tenets, offers a definition of journalistic objectivity, and reveals its intrinsic limitations. The third section details how the modern press's ideal democratic mandate has been compromised, with the influence of the press being used instead to ensconce powerful interests. And the fourth section outlines the calls for a redefinition of journalism in light of the failures covered in the preceding section. Finally, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart is offered as an alternative journalistic form that transcends the dangerous dogma of traditional news outlets, allowing it to fulfill the democratic responsibility of the press by encouraging a critical and astute citizenry.

scholarly journals Learning the ““Special Note””: Evidence for a Critical Period for Absolute Pitch Acquisition

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK A. RUSSO ◽  
DEBORAH L. WINDELL ◽  
LOLA L. CUDDY
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
The Third

Children (3––6 years old) and adults were trained for 6 weeks to identify a single tone, C5. Test sessions, held at the end of each week, had participants identify C5 within a set of seven alternative tones. By the third week of training, identification accuracy of children 5––6 years old surpassed the accuracies of children 3––4 years old and adults. Combined with an analysis of perceptual strategies, the data provide strong support for a critical period for absolute pitch acquisition. Received July 12, 2003, accepted August 1,2003

scholarly journals Familiarity affects the same event-related brain potential components in note readers and non-note readers

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 205920431877823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Becker
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Familiarity Effect ◽  
Professional Musicians ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Cognitive Domains

Musical expertise can lead to neural plasticity in specific cognitive domains (e.g., in auditory music perception). However, not much is known about whether the visual perception of simple musical symbols (e.g., notes) already differs between musicians and non-musicians. This was the aim of the present study. Therefore, the Familiarity Effect (FE) – an effect which occurs quite early during visual processing and which is based on prior knowledge or expertise – was investigated. The FE describes the phenomenon that it is easier to find an unfamiliar element (e.g., a mirrored eighth note) in familiar elements (e.g., normally oriented eighth notes) than to find a familiar element in a background of unfamiliar elements. It was examined whether the strength of the FE for eighth notes differs between note readers and non-note readers. Furthermore, it was investigated at which component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) the FE occurs. Stimuli that consisted of either eighth notes or vertically mirrored eighth notes were presented to the participants (28 note readers, 19 non-note readers). A target element was embedded in half of the trials. Reaction times, sensitivity, and three ERP components (the N1, N2p, and P3) were recorded. For both the note readers and the non-note readers, strong FEs were found in the behavioral data. However, no differences in the strength of the FE between groups were found. Furthermore, for both groups, the FE was found for the same ERP components (target-absent trials – N1 latency; target-present trials – N2p latency, N2p amplitude, P3 amplitude). It is concluded that the early visual perception of eighth note symbols does not differ between note readers and non-note readers. However, future research is needed to verify this for more complex musical stimuli and for professional musicians.

scholarly journals Equivalent Malay-Arabic Data Corpus Collection

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taj Rijal Muhamad Romli ◽  
Abd Rauf Hassan ◽  
Hasnah Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Search Strategy ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Universal Theory ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
The Press ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Last Stage

This paper aims to introduce a search strategy and collecting comparable sentences of Arab-Malay corpus data. This method was introduced for the use of students, researchers and amateur translators to search and compare the structure of sentences in Arabic and Malay. The first stage is to collect data corpus with high impact titles from the press and must be able to enlarge the scope of study as stated by Maia (2003). The second stage is to search using the specified key words based on selected high-impact titles such as the Football World Cup year 2010 and 2014. Data search is by using Webcorp engine http://www.webcorp.org.uk/live/ corpus and also open database Google https://www.google.com. The third stage is to filter the data by using Aker et.al (2012) and Braschler's (1998) method based on similar story, related story and similar aspects. At the fourth stage every category is measured by Guidere's (2002) equivalence strength which is strong comparability (SC), medium (MC) and weak (WC). At the last stage comparable sentences between the two languages are compiled in parallel according to Mona Baker’s (1992) level of grouping which are sentence level, combination of words, grammatical, pragmatic and textual level. The result from data analysis based on Mona Baker and Vinay - Darbelnet’s (1995) comparable theory proved the existence of some sentences in large quantities are on the same level of comparability from the point of information delivery. This can be used as the basis of additional evidence concerning the validity of 'universal theory.' in the science of translation.

GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF TERPENES: PART II. THE DEHYDRATION PRODUCTS OF α-TERPINEOL

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
The Third ◽  
Major Reaction ◽  
Trace Constituents

The complex mixture of terpenes obtained on dehydrating α-terpineol with aqueous oxalic acid was almost completely separated by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC), using rapeseed oil as a new liquid phase. Terpinolene, dipentene, α- and γ-terpinene, Δ2,4(8)-p-menthadiene, and 1,8-cineole were identified as the major reaction products; three minor and seven trace constituents were also detected. One of the minor components was p-cymene, one an oxide, and the third an unidentified hydrocarbon. The yield of these components after different reaction times was determined by GLC. The initial dehydration gives terpinolene and dipentene in the ratio of approximately 2:1. Terpinolene is isomerized to α- and γ-terpinene, Δ2,4,(8)-p-menthadiene, and the unidentified hydrocarbon, but not to dipentene. 1,8-Cineole and the other oxide are formed in a reversible reaction. Dehydration of α-terpineol with several other acidic reagents yielded mixtures of products similar to that obtained with aqueous oxalic acid. With acetic acid or acetic anhydride, however, dipentene was formed preferentially and this reaction appears to proceed via the derived acetate.

The Costumbrista Movement in Mexico

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 290-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Rea Spell
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Freedom Of The Press ◽  
Free Press ◽  
Picaresque Novel ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
Literary Periodicals ◽  
The Press ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Educational Conditions

When the liberal journalist Fernández de Lizardi found himself barred from further discussion of political conditions, at the close of the first brief term of freedom of the press in Mexico in 1812, he turned to descriptions of manners and customs as a means of reaching his public, not with the intention of furnishing entertainment but, like Larra two decades later, with the hope of effecting reforms. Under cover of this type of material, which seemed perfectly harmless to the censors, he portrayed in his El Pensador mexicano, during 1813 and 1814, social and educational conditions as they then existed in the capital of the viceroyalty. When this avenue of expression was gradually closed to him after 1814 by the absolutist régime, Lizardi resorted to fiction; in his three realistic novels, picaresque in form but replete with costumbrista material, he accomplished for Mexico City what Mesonero Romanos futilely planned some years later to do for Madrid through the picaresque novel. Under the free press in 1820 Lizardi turned from fiction to a defense of the constitution; in El Conductor eléctrico he published many articles similar in tone and purpose to Miñano's Cartas, which appeared in Madrid in the same year; but he contributed nothing further toward the development of the satirical sketch on manners. When the more finished costumbrista article made its appearance in Mexico almost twenty years later, the revival of the form was due, not to native initiative, but to Spanish models. The Mexican literary periodicals in which these were published coincided both in content and in point of time with their Spanish prototypes; those in which fully developed costumbrista essays appear date, in the mother country from the opening, in Mexico from the close, of the third decade.

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