scholarly journals Articulatory Correlates of Stress Pattern Disturbances in Talkers With Dysarthria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Daniel Kim ◽  
Mili Kuruvilla-Dugdale ◽  
Michael de Riesthal ◽  
Robin Jones ◽  
Francesca Bagnato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Electromagnetic Articulography ◽  
Kinematic Measures ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Peak Speed ◽  
Disease Specific

Purpose Reduced stress commonly occurs in talkers with Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas excessive and equal stress is frequently associated with dysarthria of talkers with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). This study sought to identify articulatory impairment patterns that underlie these two impaired stress patterns. We further aimed to determine if talkers with the same stress pattern disturbance but different diseases (ALS and MS) exhibit disease-specific articulatory deficits. Method Fifty-seven talkers participated in the study—33 talkers with dysarthria and 24 controls. Talkers with dysarthria were grouped based on their medical diagnosis: PD ( n = 15), ALS ( n = 10), MS ( n = 8). Participants repeated target words embedded in a carrier phrase. Kinematic data were recorded using electromagnetic articulography. Duration, displacement, peak speed, stiffness, time-to-peak speed, and parameter c were extracted for the initial lower lip opening stroke of each target word, which was either stressed or unstressed. Results Stress effects were significant for all kinematic measures across groups except for stiffness and time-to-peak speed, which were nonsignificant in ALS. For comparisons with controls, more kinematic measures significantly differed in the ALS group than in the PD and MS groups. Additionally, ALS and MS showed mostly similar articulatory impairment patterns. Conclusions In general, significant stress effects were observed in talkers with dysarthria. However, stress-specific between-group differences in articulatory performance, particularly displacement, may explain the perceptual impression of disturbed stress patterns. Furthermore, similar findings for ALS and MS suggest that articulatory deficits underlying similar stress pattern disturbances are not disease-specific.

Where Is the Beat? The Neural Correlates of Lexical Stress and Rhythmical Well-formedness in Auditory Story Comprehension

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1119-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina D. Kandylaki ◽  
Karen Henrich ◽  
Arne Nagels ◽  
Tilo Kircher ◽  
Ulrike Domahs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Lexical Stress ◽  
Story Comprehension ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Domain Independent ◽  
The Brain

While listening to continuous speech, humans process beat information to correctly identify word boundaries. The beats of language are stress patterns that are created by combining lexical (word-specific) stress patterns and the rhythm of a specific language. Sometimes, the lexical stress pattern needs to be altered to obey the rhythm of the language. This study investigated the interplay of lexical stress patterns and rhythmical well-formedness in natural speech with fMRI. Previous electrophysiological studies on cases in which a regular lexical stress pattern may be altered to obtain rhythmical well-formedness showed that even subtle rhythmic deviations are detected by the brain if attention is directed toward prosody. Here, we present a new approach to this phenomenon by having participants listen to contextually rich stories in the absence of a task targeting the manipulation. For the interaction of lexical stress and rhythmical well-formedness, we found one suprathreshold cluster localized between the cerebellum and the brain stem. For the main effect of lexical stress, we found higher BOLD responses to the retained lexical stress pattern in the bilateral SMA, bilateral postcentral gyrus, bilateral middle fontal gyrus, bilateral inferior and right superior parietal lobule, and right precuneus. These results support the view that lexical stress is processed as part of a sensorimotor network of speech comprehension. Moreover, our results connect beat processing in language to domain-independent timing perception.

A Comparison of Methods for Decoupling Tongue and Lower Lip From Jaw Movements in 3D Articulography

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1503-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Neto Henriques ◽  
Pascal van Lieshout
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Position Estimation ◽  
Subtraction Method ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Popular Method ◽  
Electromagnetic Articulography ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Rotation Method ◽  
Single Sensor

Purpose One popular method to study the motion of oral articulators is 3D electromagnetic articulography. For many studies, it is important to use an algorithm to decouple the motion of the tongue and the lower lip from the motion of the mandible. In this article, the authors describe and compare 4 methods for decoupling jaw motion by using 3D tongue and lower lip data. Method A 3D position estimation method (3DPE), an adapted version of the estimated rotation method (ERM) proposed by Westbury, Lindstrom, and McClean (2002) for 3D recordings, a linear subtraction method, and a new method called Jaw and Oral Analysis (JOANA) were evaluated with data recorded from sensors attached to the lower molars, lower lip, and tongue. Results The 3DPE method showed the fewest errors. However, unlike the other methods, it requires more than one sensor attached to the lower jaw. Among the single-sensor methods, JOANA was found to be the most comparable to 3DPE. Conclusion The findings suggest that JOANA is efficient in decoupling tongue and lower lip motion from jaw motion, whereas ERM, with its less complicated procedure for attaching the lower jaw incisor sensor, can be considered a viable alternative.

Articulatory Range of Movement in Individuals With Dysarthria Secondary to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 996-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimin Lee ◽  
Michael Bell
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Convex Hull ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Working Space ◽  
Electromagnetic Articulography ◽  
Differential Involvement ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Purpose The current study examined overall articulatory range of movement (ROM) in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Differential involvement of articulators was also tested using articulatory working space in individuals with varying degrees of dysarthria severity and in typically aging individuals. A strong association between overall articulatory ROM and severity measures among individuals with ALS was hypothesized. In addition, it was hypothesized that differential involvement of articulators would be detected using overall articulatory ROM measures. Method Twenty-two speakers with dysarthria secondary to ALS and 22 typically aging speakers participated. Speech intelligibility and speaking rate were used as indices of severity. Movement range and overall articulatory working space area (convex hull) of the tongue, lower lip, and jaw were each measured by electromagnetic articulography while the speakers produced the Rainbow Passage. Results Tongue convex hull size was significantly correlated with both indices of severity. A significant interaction between articulators and groups was observed. Individuals with severe dysarthria had reduced tongue convex hull size and exaggerated lower lip convex hull size. ROM in the anterior–posterior dimension showed a more notable differential involvement pattern than ROM in the superior–inferior dimension. Results in the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed group-specific ROM sensitivity. Conclusions The findings indicate that tongue ROM is reduced in individuals with more severe dysarthria when estimated using a standardized paragraph containing all American English phonemes. The articulatory working space measure could be useful for estimating speech dysfunction in ALS. ROM of the tongue decreases, but ROM of the lower lip and jaw each increase in individuals with severe dysarthria. Differential involvement of the articulators in the anterior–posterior dimension needs to be further investigated.

Cardiovascular Response to Orthostatic Stress: Effects of Exercise Training Modality

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle K. Savard ◽  
Mark A. Stonehouse
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Baroreflex Control ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Training Modality

The effects of exercise training posture on cardiovascular and baroreflex responses to orthostatic challenge were assessed in highly trained cyclists (CT, n = 8) and swimmers (ST, n = 8), and in untrained men (UT, n = 8). CT demonstrated the lowest orthostatic tolerance to lower body negative pressure (LBNP, 0 to −50 mmHg), with only 3 subjects completing the full LBNP procedure; 5 UT and all ST completed the testing. During LBNP, stroke volume (SV) decreases were similar in CT and ST, but greater than in UT. Mean pulse pressure and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were reduced in CT relative to ST and UT at the highest levels of LBNP; the slope of the ΔSVR/ΔZ0 and ΔSVR/ΔSV relationships in CT, used to assess peripheral vascular baroreflex function, were attenuated relative to the other groups. There were no between-group differences in the heart rate response to LBNP. The greater incidence of orthostatic intolerance observed in upright-versus supine-trained athletes during passive LBNP was linked to attenuated baroreflex control of peripheral vascular resistance. Key words: arterial baroreflex, arterial pressure, cardiopulmonary baroreceptor, endurance training, vascular resistance

Stress in the Absence of Morphological Conditioning: An Experimental Investigation of Stress in Greek Acronyms

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthi Revithiadou ◽  
Kalomoira Nikolou ◽  
Despina Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Syllable Type ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
Final Segment ◽  
Stress Dependent ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

Greek is a morphology-dependent stress system, where stress is lexically specified for a number of individual morphemes (e.g., roots and suffixes). In the absence of lexically encoded stress, a default stress emerges. Most theoretical analyses of Greek stress that assume antepenultimate stress to represent the default (e.g., Malikouti-Drachman & Drachman 1989; Ralli & Touratzidis 1992; Revithiadou 1999) are not independently confirmed by experimental studies (e.g., Protopapas et al. 2006; Apostolouda 2012; Topintzi & Kainada 2012; Revithiadou & Lengeris in press). Here, we explore the nature of the default stress in Greek with regard to acronyms, given their lack of overt morphology and fixed stress pattern, with a goal of exploring how stress patterns are shaped when morphological information (encapsulated in the inflectional ending) is suppressed. For this purpose, we conducted two production (reading aloud) experiments, which revealed, for our consultants, first, an almost complete lack of antepenultimate stress and, second, a split between penultimate and final stress dependent on acronym length, the type of the final segment and the syllable type of the penultimate syllable. We found two predominant correspondences: (a) consonant-final acronyms and end stress and (b) vowel-final acronyms and the inflected word the vowel represents, the effect being that stress patterns for acronyms are linked to the inflected words they represent only if enough morphonological information about the acronym’s segments is available to create familiarity effects. Otherwise, we find a tendency for speakers to prefer stress at stem edges.

The Effect of Auditory Information on Patterns of Intrusions and Reductions

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneke Slis ◽  
Pascal van Lieshout
Keyword(s):  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Specific Question ◽  
Movement Coordination ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Electromagnetic Articulography ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Masking Condition

Purpose The study investigates whether auditory information affects the nature of intrusion and reduction errors in reiterated speech. These errors are hypothesized to arise as a consequence of autonomous mechanisms to stabilize movement coordination. The specific question addressed is whether this process is affected by auditory information so that it will influence the occurrence of intrusions and reductions. Methods Fifteen speakers produced word pairs with alternating onset consonants and identical rhymes repetitively at a normal and fast speaking rate, in masked and unmasked speech. Movement ranges of the tongue tip, tongue dorsum, and lower lip during onset consonants were retrieved from kinematic data collected with electromagnetic articulography. Reductions and intrusions were defined as statistical outliers from movement range distributions of target and nontarget articulators, respectively. Results Regardless of masking condition, the number of intrusions and reductions increased during the course of a trial, suggesting movement stabilization. However, compared with unmasked speech, speakers made fewer intrusions in masked speech. The number of reductions was not significantly affected. Conclusions Masking of auditory information resulted in fewer intrusions, suggesting that speakers were able to pay closer attention to their articulatory movements. This highlights a possible stabilizing role for proprioceptive information in speech movement coordination.

scholarly journals From Planning to Articulation in Speech Production: What Differentiates a Person Who Stutters From a Person Who Does Not Stutter?

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal H. H. M. van Lieshout ◽  
Wouter Hulstijn ◽  
Herman F. M. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
And Control

The main purpose of the present study was to differentiate between people who stutter and control speakers regarding their ability to assemble motor plans and to prepare (and execute) muscle commands. Adult males who stutter, matched for age, gender, and educational level with a group of control speakers, were tested on naming words and symbols. In addition, their ability to encode and retrieve memory representations of combinations of a symbol and a word, was tested in a recognition task, using manual reaction times and sensitivity scores, as defined in signal detection theory, as performance measures. Group differences in muscle command preparation were assessed from electromyographic recordings of upper lip and lower lip. Results indicated no interaction between group and word size effects in choice reaction times or a group effect in the ability to recognize previously learned symbol-word combinations. However, they were significantly different in the timing of peak amplitudes in the integrated electromyographic signals of upper lip and lower lip (IEMG peak latency). Findings question the claim that people who stutter have problems in creating abstract motor plans for speech. In addition, it is argued that the group differences in IEMG peak latency that were found in the present study might be better understood in terms of motor control strategies than in terms of motor control deficits.

Prosodic patterns in Hebrew child-directed speech

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
OSNAT SEGAL ◽  
BRACHA NIR-SAGIV ◽  
LIAT KISHON-RABIN ◽  
DORIT RAVID
Keyword(s):  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Final Stress ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Developmental Analysis

ABSTRACTThe study examines prosodic characteristics of Hebrew speech directed to children between 0 ; 9–3 ; 0 years, based on longitudinal samples of 228,946 tokens (8,075 types). The distribution of prosodic patterns – the number of syllables and stress patterns – is analyzed across three lexical categories, distinguishing not only between open- and closed-class items, but also between these two categories and a third, innovative, class, referred to as between-class items. Results indicate that Hebrew CDS consists mainly of mono- and bisyllabic words, with differences between lexical categories; and that the most common stress pattern is word-final, with parallel distributions found for all categories. Additional analyses showed that verbs take word-final stress, but nouns are both trochaic and iambic. Finally, a developmental analysis indicates a significant increase in the number of iambic words in CDS. These findings have clear implications regarding the use of prosody for word segmentation and assignment of lexical class in infancy.

scholarly journals Variations in Hyoid Kinematics Across Liquid Consistencies in Healthy Swallowing

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sana Smaoui ◽  
Melanie Peladeau-Pigeon ◽  
Catriona M. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Hyoid Movement ◽  
Peak Speed ◽  
The Continuum ◽  
And Task

Purpose Judgments regarding hyoid movement are frequently included in evaluations of swallowing. However, the literature lacks reference values for measures of hyoid kinematics in healthy swallowing. This study explores hyoid movement across the continuum from thin to extremely thick liquids. Method Participants were 39 healthy adults under the age of 60 years (19 men) who underwent videofluoroscopy involving three sips each of 20% w/v thin barium and six sips each of slightly, mildly, moderately, and extremely thick barium. Half of the thickened stimuli were prepared using xanthan gum; and half, with a starch-based thickener. Sip volume was derived from pre- and post-sip cup weights. Hyoid position was tracked frame-by-frame relative to the anterior–inferior corner of C4. Measures of peak hyoid position (along the XY axis) were normalized to a C2–C4 scalar, and measures of time-to-peak position, speed, and time-to-peak speed were derived. As a first step, Spearman's correlations confirmed the influence of sip volume on these hyoid measures. Linear mixed-effects models then explored the effects of stimulus, sip volume, and task repetition on the dependent variables. Results The data set comprised 975 swallows with available hyoid tracking data. Sip volume was correlated with peak hyoid XY position ( r s = .15, p < .01), time-to-peak position ( r s = −.15, p < .05), and speed ( r s = .13, p < .01). No significant differences in hyoid kinematics were found across stimuli. Conclusion Measures of hyoid movement in healthy swallowing remain stable across the range from thin to extremely thick liquids with no systematic alterations in hyoid position or kinematics.

scholarly journals MisMatch Negativity-study showing pre-lexical sensitivity to both primary Final Accent and secondary Initial Accent in French

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémie te Rietmolen ◽  
Radouane El Yagoubi ◽  
Corine Astésano
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Stress Pattern ◽  
Phonological Representation ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stress Patterns

AbstractIn French, accentuation is not lexically distinctive and tightly intertwined with intonation. This has led to the language being described of as ‘a language without accent’ and to French listeners being alleged ‘deaf to stress’. However, if one considers Di Cristo’s model in which the metrical structure of speech plays a central role, it becomes possible to envision stress templates underlying the cognitive representation of words. This event-related potential (erp) study examined whether French listeners are sensitive to the French primary final accent (fa) and secondary initial accent (ia), and whether the accents are part of the French phonologically expected stress pattern. Two oddball studies were carried out. In the first study, in one condition, deviants were presented without (−fa) and standards with final accent (+fa), while in another condition, these positions were switched. We obtained asymmetric mmn waveforms, such that deviants −fa elicited a larger mmn than deviants +fa (which did not elicit an mmn), pointing toward a preference for stress patterns with fa. Additionally, the difference waveforms between identical stimuli in different positions within the oddball paradigms indicated −fa stimuli to be disfavored whether they were the deviants or the standards. In the second study, standards were always presented with both the initial and final accent, while deviants were presented either without final accent (−fa) or without initial accent (−ia). Here, we obtained mmns both to deviants −fa and to deviants −ia, although −fa deviants elicited a more ample mmn. Nevertheless, the results show that French listeners are not deaf to the initial and final accents, pointing instead to an abstract phonological representation for both accents. In sum, the results argue against the notion of stress deafness for French and instead suggest accentuation to play a more important role in French speech comprehension than is currently acknowledged.

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