Token Loss in Speech Imitation Training

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leija V. McReynolds ◽  
Kay Huston
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Speech Imitation ◽  
Delayed Language Development

The use of tokens as positive reinforcers for correct responses and no consequences for incorrect responses was compared with the use of tokens contingent upon correct responses and loss of tokens contingent on incorrect responses. Two magnitudes of token gain to token loss were also compared: (1) three tokens were given for a correct response and one token removed for an incorrect response; (2) one token was given for a correct response and one was removed for an incorrect response. The subjects were a six-year-old child with delayed language development and a seven-year-old with an articulation problem. Training items consisted of the verbal imitation of words. Results indicated that the no-token-loss condition was more effective in decreasing incorrect responses than either magnitude of token loss. Results of the two token-loss procedures indicated, however, that their effectiveness is partly determined by the ratio of tokens gained to tokens lost. It is concluded that token loss could be effective but that related variables should be carefully examined.

Response Patterns of Children to Interrogatives with Differing Syntactical Complexities

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 671-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Leder ◽  
Richard L. Egelston
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Delayed Group ◽  
Delayed Language Development ◽  
Developmental Hierarchy ◽  
Better Than

This study systematically varied the syntactical complexity of 15 interrogative types by using adult and telegraphic syntax patterns. Different surface structures were generated but the same deep structure was maintained. 25 male and 25 female children between the ages of 34 and 72 mo. served as subjects. The purposes of this study were (a) to determine the hierarchy of response rate by children with normal and delayed language development and (b) to determine whether adult or Telegraphic syntax was responded to with greater accuracy by children with normal and delayed language development. The language-delayed group appeared to follow the same developmental hierarchy of interrogative acquisition as the normally developing group for both adult and telegraphic speech syntax. The normal group performed significantly better than the delayed group regarding types and syntactical complexity of interrogates answered appropriately. In addition, evidence was obtained for the preference of using syntax of adult speech over telegraphic speech syntax when interrogating a child whose language is delayed or normally developing.

scholarly journals Modulating Proactive Cognitive Control by Reward: Differential Anticipatory Effects of Performance Contingent and Non-Contingent Rewards

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motonori Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Flanker Effect ◽  
Contingent Reward ◽  
Sequential Modulation ◽  
Contingent Rewards

The present study investigated the influences of two different forms of reward presentation in modulating cognitive control. In three experiments, participants performed a flanker task for which one-third of trials were precued for a chance of obtaining a reward (reward trials). In Experiment 1, a reward was provided if participants made the correct response on reward trials but a penalty was given if they made an incorrect response on these trials. The anticipation of this performance-contingent reward increased response speed and reduced the flanker effect but had little influence on the sequential modulation of the flanker effect after incompatible trials. In Experiment 2, participants obtained a reward randomly on two-thirds of the precued reward trials and were given a penalty on the remaining one-third, regardless of their performance. The anticipation of this non-contingent reward had little influence on the overall response speed or flanker effect but reduced the sequential modulation of the flanker effect after incompatible trials. Experiment 3 also used performance non-contingent rewards but participants were randomly penalized more often than they were rewarded; non-contingent penalty had little influence on the sequential modulation of the flanker effect. None of the three experiments showed a reliable influence of the actual acquisition of rewards on task performance. These results indicate anticipatory effects of performance contingent and non-contingent rewards on cognitive control with little evidence of aftereffects.

scholarly journals Age and Sex Distribution of Speech Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Mahdi Al-Dujaily ◽  
Sanàa J Abu Nabàa
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sex Distribution ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Delayed Language Development ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT Background Speech-language pathology is a specialty in the study, assessment, and rehabilitation of speech-language disorders (or communication disorders) which are common problems that may affect both sexes and all age groups. Aim The aim of this study is to raise the attention in Iraq about the role of certified speech pathologists (or speech therapists) in the treatment of patients with communication disorders according to their age and sex distribution, as seen in the phonetic center of University of Jordan. Patients and methods Subjects with speech problems, who visited the phonetic center in Jordan University for treatment by certified speech-language pathologists, were analyzed retrospectively during 3 years (1996 to 1998), and it included 731 subjects with speech disorders, consisted of 213 females and 518 males, with a minimum age of 2 years and a maximum age of 72 years. Results The most common age presentation of communication disorders varies, and it was found that the major speech and language disorders and their distribution were as follows: delayed language development occurred mainly in age group 3 to 4 years (about 57%), stuttering occurred in 3 to 5 years (about 24%), and in articulation disorder occurred in age group 4 to 6 years with about 42%, and in hearing impaired patients occurred mainly in age group of 2 to 4 years with about 45%, in children with mental retardation occurred in age group of 6 to 8 years with about 29%, voice disorders occurred in age 20 to 29 (25%), nasality problems in age group 3 to 5 years (25%), dyslexia in age group 8 to 10 years (40%), and the cases of apraxia, aphasia, and autism were low in number. Conclusion The age and sex distribution of communication disorders varies according to the type of disorder. The speechlanguage pathologists have very important role in the evaluation and treatment of speech language disorders. There is great deficiency of this specialty in this country, and the aim of this article is to ring the bell of attention to these common disorders. Abbreviations SLP: Speech-language pathologist; CDs: Communication disorders; DLD: Delayed language development; HIP: Hearing impaired patient; MR: Mental retardation; CP: Cerebral palsy. How to cite this article Al-Dujaily M, Nabàa SJA. Age and Sex Distribution of Speech Disorders. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2015;5(1):7-14.

Reasoning Strategies

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-114
Author(s):  
Stephen K. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Reasoning Strategies ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Military Engagement

A dichotomy that has influenced much theoretical and applied research on reasoning is the distinction between System I and System II reasoning. System I is intuitive, fast, based on associations, and subject to biases. System II is analytic, slow, based on rules, and more competent. It should be kept in mind, however, that these distinctions do not always apply. A fast, correct response occurs when an expert automatically responds quickly, and a slow, incorrect response occurs when the answer is unknown. One tactic to improve reasoning is the use of nudges to steer people’s choices in a direction to improve their lives. Another tactic is the use of boosts to educate people to make better decisions. Action-based decision-making, such as firefighting and military engagement, requires making a series of decisions as the situation changes. Situation awareness is critical for making good decisions.

scholarly journals Delayed language development due to infantile thiamine deficiency

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 629-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
AVIVA FATTAL-VALEVSKI ◽  
IRIS AZOURI-FATTAL ◽  
YORAM J GREENSTEIN ◽  
MICHAL GUINDY ◽  
AYALA BLAU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Thiamine Deficiency ◽  
Delayed Language Development
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