Temporal Characteristics of Speech in Simultaneous Communication

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1014-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Whitehead ◽  
Nicholas Schiavetti ◽  
Brenda H. Whitehead ◽  
Dale Evan Metz
Keyword(s):  
Pause Duration ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Vowel Perception ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Word Duration ◽  
Rate Of Speech ◽  
Speech Condition

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) to determine if there are changes in specific temporal characteristics of speech that occur during simultaneous communication, and (b) to determine if known temporal rules of spoken English are disrupted during simultaneous communication. Ten speakers uttered sentences consisting of a carrier phrase and experimental CVC words under conditions of: (a) speech, (b) speech combined with signed English, and (c) speech combined with signed English for every word except the CVC word that was fingerspelled. The temporal features investigated included: (a) sentence duration, (b) experimental CVC word duration, (c) vowel duration in experimental CVC words, (d) pause duration before and after experimental CVC words, and (e) consonantal effects on vowel duration. Results indicated that for all durational measures, the speech/sign/fingerspelling condition was longest, followed by the speech/sign condition, with the speech condition being shortest. It was also found that for all three speaking conditions, vowels were longer in duration when preceding voiced consonants than vowels preceding their voiceless cognates, and that a low vowel was longer in duration than a high vowel. These findings indicate that speakers consistently reduced their rate of speech when using simultaneous communication, but did not violate these specific temporal rules of English important for consonant and vowel perception.

Adaptation of Stuttering Frequency During Repeated Readings

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludo Max ◽  
Anthony J. Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Transition Rate ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Repeated Readings ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Articulation Rate ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Learning Hypothesis ◽  
Word Duration

This study is part of a series investigating the hypothesis that stuttering adaptation is a result of motor learning. Previous investigations indicate that nonspeech motor learning typically is associated with an increase in speed of performance. Previous investigations of stuttering, on the other hand, indicate that improvements in fluency during most fluency-enhancing conditions or after stuttering treatment tend to be associated with decreased speech rate, increased duration of specific acoustic segments, and decreased vowel duration variability. The present acoustic findings, obtained from 8 individuals who stutter, reveal that speech adjustments occurring during adaptation differ from those reported for other fluency-enhancing conditions or stuttering treatment. Instead, the observed changes are consistent with those occurring during skill improvements for nonspeech motor tasks and, thus, with a motor learning hypothesis of stuttering adaptation. During the last of 6 repeated readings, a statistically significant increase in articulation rate was observed, together with a decrease in word duration, vowel duration, and consonant-vowel (CV) transition extent. Other adjustments showing relatively consistent trends across individual subjects included decreased CV transition rate and duration, and increased variability of both CV transition extent and vowel duration.

Relationship between the Discrimination of /w-r/ and /t-d/ Continua and the Identification of Distorted /r/

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Sharf ◽  
Ralph N. Ohde ◽  
Mark E. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Category Boundary ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Group Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Response Choices ◽  
Subject Performance

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which listeners can perceive intraphonemic differences. In Experiment 1, subjects identified synthesized acoustic tokens of child-like speech that varied in second and third formant (F 2 and F 3 ) onset frequencies as /w/, /r/, or distorted /r/ in two conditions: (a) with and without feedback of the group response choices, and (b) before and after training to identify the best examples of /w/, /r/, and distorted /r/ based on their identification in the first condition. The results were: (a) some subjects consistently identified distorted /r/ above criterion, and (b) feedback was more effective in increasing distorted /r/ identification than was training. In Experiment 2, the same subjects participated in discrimination tasks using stimuli from a synthesized child /w-r/ continuum that varied in F 2 and F 3 onsets and from a synthesized adult /t-d/ continuum that varied in preconsonantal vowel duration. The results were: (a perception was not categorical for both continua, (b) little relation was found between distorted-/r/ identification and measures of /w-r/ discrimination, and (c) a high and significant correlation was found between identification of distorted /r/ and within-/d/ discrimination. In Experiment 3, different subjects identified the child manifold stimuli and discriminated stimuli in a synthesized child /w-r/ continuum and in a synthesized adult /t-d/ continuum. The results were: (a) neither /w-r/ or /t-d/ perception was categorical although the former came closer than the latter in terms of individual subject performance, (b) there was a high and significant correlation between distorted-/r/ identification and within-/r/ discrimination of /w-r/ stimuli, and (c) there were high and significant correlations between distorted-/r/identification and mean, cross-category boundary, and within-/t/discrimination of /t-d/ stimuli.

Abstract 15829: Temporal Characteristics of Intra-thoracic Impedance Before and After Heart Failure Hospitalizations in a Large Real-world Population of Patients With Cardiovascular Implanted Electronic Devices

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shantanu Sarkar ◽  
Jodi L Koehler ◽  
Eddy Warman
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Implantable Devices ◽  
World Population ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Intrathoracic Impedance

Introduction: Intrathoracic impedance (IMP), measured in ICD/CRTD implantable devices, is a measure of intravascular blood volume and have been shown to correlate with intracardiac pressures. We investigated the temporal characteristics of IMP before and after HF events (HFE) in a large real-world cohort of patients (pts) with ICD/CRTD devices. Methods: We linked Optum© deidentified EHR dataset during the period from 2007-2017 to the Medtronic CareLink data warehouse. Pts with ICD/CRTD implants with IMP measurements were included. HFE was defined as an inpatient, ED, or observation unit stay with primary diagnosis of HF and IV diuretics administration. Temporal average of IMP measurement across all pts in the 60 days pre and post HFE were compared for HFE with and without readmission for HF within 60 days and in pts with no HFE. Results: A total of 17,886 pts with 1.8±1.2 years of follow-up met inclusion criteria. The average age was 66.6 ±12.3 years, with 72% being males, and 51% with ICD devices. A total of 1174 pts had 1425 HFE with no readmission and 282 pts had 295 HFE which were followed by readmission. A total of 17,839 pts had no HFE over 86,858 follow-up months. The average IMP during HFE, with and without readmission, and in pts with no HFE are shown in Fig. IMP decreases over a period of time prior to HFE and recovers due to treatment during HFE. The average IMP across all patients was lower on all 60 days pre and post HFE with readmission compared to HFE with no readmission (p<0.001) and both were lower compared to follow-up period with no HFE (p<0.001). The IMP recovers less often after HF events which are followed by readmission within 60 days compared to HF events with no readmission. Conclusions: In a large real-world population of pts with ICD/CRTD devices, on an average IMP reduces prior to and recovers during HFE. IMP was lower before and after HFE with readmission compared to HFE with no readmission. Readmission is more likely in pts with smaller impedance recovery after HF events.

scholarly journals Hands-on defibrillation and electrocardiogram artefact filtering technology increases chest compression fraction and decreases peri-shock pause duration in a simulation model of cardiac arrest

CJEM ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M. Fernando ◽  
Sheldon Cheskes ◽  
Daniel Howes
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Chest Compression ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Pause Duration ◽  
Shock Delivery ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Shock ◽  
Rhythm Analysis ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

AbstractBackgroundReducing pauses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) compressions result in better outcomes in cardiac arrest. Artefact filtering technology (AFT) gives rescuers the opportunity to visualize the underlying electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm during chest compressions, and reduces the pauses that occur before and after delivering a shock. We conducted a simulation study to measure the reduction of peri-shock pause and impact on chest compression fraction (CCF) through AFT.MethodsIn a simulator setting, participants were given a standardized cardiac arrest scenario and were randomly assigned to perform CPR/defibrillation using the protocol from one of three experimental arms: 1) Standard of Care (pauses for rhythm analysis and shock delivery); 2) AFT (no pauses for rhythm analysis, but a pause for defibrillation); or 3) AFT with hands-on defibrillation (no pauses for rhythm analysis or defibrillation). The primary outcomes were CCF and peri-shock pause duration, with secondary outcomes of pre- and post-shock pause duration.ResultsAFT with hands-on defibrillation was found to have the highest CCF (86.4%), as compared to AFT alone (83.8%, p<0.001), and both groups significantly improved CCF in comparison with the Standard of Care (76.7%, p<0.001). AFT with hands-on defibrillation was associated with a reduced peri-shock pause (2.6 seconds) as compared to AFT alone (5.3 seconds, p<0.001), and the Standard of Care (7.4 seconds, p<0.001).ConclusionsIn this cardiac arrest model, AFT results in a greater CCF by reducing peri-shock pause duration. There is also a small but detectable improvement in CCF with the addition of hands-on defibrillation.

Spectrographic Analysis of Vowel and Word Duration in Apraxia of Speech

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Collins ◽  
John C. Rosenbek ◽  
Robert T. Wertz
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Motor Programming ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Spectrographic Analysis ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Word Duration

Most nomml speakers of English reduce the duration of the stem word vowel as words increase in length. Theoretically, this durational reduction reflects low-level linguistic knowledge. We posed two questions in this study: First, do speakers with apraxia of speech progressively reduce vowel durations as words increase in length, and, second, do these vowel and word durations differ significantly from normal productions? We asked 11 apraxia of speech patients and 11 normal speakers to repeat three sets of three words which progressively increased in length, and we analyzed these productions spectrographically. Our results revealed that both groups reduced vowel duration its words increased in length. Word and vowel duration for apraxia of speech patients, however, were often significantly longer than those for normal speakers. Our results suggest that vowel reduction is a robust phenomenon which resists impairment in apraxia of speech, despite often significant disturbances in motor programming.

scholarly journals Effects of Surprisal and Entropy on Vowel Duration in Japanese

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Shaw ◽  
Shigeto Kawahara
Keyword(s):  
Shannon Entropy ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Word Duration ◽  
Communicative Efficiency ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Positive Effect

Research on English and other languages has shown that syllables and words that contain more information tend to be produced with longer duration. This research is evolving into a general thesis that speakers articulate linguistic units with more information more robustly. While this hypothesis seems plausible from the perspective of communicative efficiency, previous support for it has come mainly from English and some other Indo-European languages. Moreover, most previous studies focus on global effects, such as the interaction of word duration and sentential/semantic predictability. The current study is focused at the level of phonotactics, exploring the effects of local predictability on vowel duration in Japanese, using the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese. To examine gradient consonant-vowel phonotactics within a consonant–vowel-mora, consonant-conditioned Surprisal and Shannon Entropy were calculated, and their effects on vowel duration were examined, together with other linguistic factors that are known from previous research to affect vowel duration. Results show significant effects of both Surprisal and Entropy, as well as notable interactions with vowel length and vowel quality. The effect of Entropy is stronger on peripheral vowels than on central vowels. Surprisal has a stronger positive effect on short vowels than on long vowels. We interpret the main patterns and the interactions by conceptualizing Surprisal as an index of motor fluency and Entropy as an index of competition in vowel selection.

scholarly journals Perception of American English vowels by sequential Spanish–English bilinguals

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULA B. GARCÍA ◽  
KAREN FROUD
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
American English ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Vowel Perception ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
English Vowels ◽  
Related Potentials

Research on American-English (AE) vowel perception by Spanish–English bilinguals has focused on the vowels /i/-/ɪ/ (e.g., in sheep/ship). Other AE vowel contrasts may present perceptual challenges for this population, especially those requiring both spectral and durational discrimination. We used Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), MMN (Mismatch Negativity) and P300, to index discrimination of AE vowels /ɑ/-/ʌ/ by sequential adult Spanish–English bilingual listeners compared to AE monolinguals. Listening tasks were non-attended and attended, and vowels were presented with natural and neutralized durations. Regardless of vowel duration, bilingual listeners showed no MMN to unattended sounds, and P300 responses were elicited to /ɑ/ but not /ʌ/ in the attended condition. Monolingual listeners showed pre-attentive discrimination (MMN) for /ɑ/ only; while both vowels elicited P300 responses when attended. Findings suggest that Spanish–English bilinguals recruit attentional and cognitive resources enabling native-like use of both spectral and durational cues to discriminate between AE vowels /ɑ/ and /ʌ/.

scholarly journals Spatial-Temporal 3D Residual Correlation Network for Urban Traffic Status Prediction

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Yin-Xin Bao ◽  
Quan Shi ◽  
Qin-Qin Shen ◽  
Yang Cao
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Correlation Network ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Residual Correlation ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Temporal Features

Accurate traffic status prediction is of great importance to improve the security and reliability of the intelligent transportation system. However, urban traffic status prediction is a very challenging task due to the tight symmetry among the Human–Vehicle–Environment (HVE). The recently proposed spatial–temporal 3D convolutional neural network (ST-3DNet) effectively extracts both spatial and temporal characteristics in HVE, but ignores the essential long-term temporal characteristics and the symmetry of historical data. Therefore, a novel spatial–temporal 3D residual correlation network (ST-3DRCN) is proposed for urban traffic status prediction in this paper. The ST-3DRCN firstly introduces the Pearson correlation coefficient method to extract a high correlation between traffic data. Then, a dynamic spatial feature extraction component is constructed by using 3D convolution combined with residual units to capture dynamic spatial features. After that, based on the idea of long short-term memory (LSTM), a novel architectural unit is proposed to extract dynamic temporal features. Finally, the spatial and temporal features are fused to obtain the final prediction results. Experiments have been performed using two datasets from Chengdu, China (TaxiCD) and California, USA (PEMS-BAY). Taking the root mean square error (RMSE) as the evaluation index, the prediction accuracy of ST-3DRCN on TaxiCD dataset is 21.4%, 21.3%, 11.7%, 10.8%, 4.7%, 3.6% and 2.3% higher than LSTM, convolutional neural network (CNN), 3D-CNN, spatial–temporal residual network (ST-ResNet), spatial–temporal graph convolutional network (ST-GCN), dynamic global-local spatial–temporal network (DGLSTNet), and ST-3DNet, respectively.

Breathing and upper airway CO2 in reptiles: role of the nasal and vomeronasal systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
pp. R91-R97
Author(s):  
E. L. Coates ◽  
G. O. Ballam
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Pause Duration ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Nerve Transection ◽  
Vomeronasal System ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Before And After

The ventilatory response of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, to 2% CO2 delivered to the upper airways (UA) was measured before and after the olfactory or vomeronasal nerves were transected. The UA (nasal cavities and mouth) were isolated from the gas source inspired into the lungs by inserting an endotracheal T tube into the glottis. CO2 was administered to the UA via a head chamber. The primary ventilatory response to UA CO2 was a significant decrease in ventilatory frequency (f) and minute ventilation. The decrease in f was caused by a significant increase in the pause duration. Tidal volume, expiratory duration, and inspiratory duration were not altered with UA CO2. The f response to UA CO2 was abolished with olfactory nerve transection, whereas vomeronasal nerve transection significantly increased the magnitude of the f depression. These results indicate that CO2-sensitive receptors are located in the nasal epithelium and that the olfactory nerves must be intact for the UA CO2 f response to be observed. In addition, the vomeronasal system appears to modulate the ventilatory response to UA CO2.

Temporal Characteristics of Auditory Adaptation

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Wiley ◽  
David J. Lilly
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Nerve Tumor ◽  
Auditory Adaptation ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adaptation Processes

Auditory-adaptation, or tone-decay, measurements are reported for a patient with an 8th-nerve tumor in the left ear and a sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin in the right ear. Data for the patient suggested that the temporal features of auditory adaptation were more effective in differentiating adaptation processes for the two ears and associated lesions than was the magnitude classification of auditory adaptation in dB for the two ears. It is recommended that tests of auditory adaptation include an analysis of the temporal characteristics of the adaptation process.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document