scholarly journals Radio observations of evaporating objects in the Cygnus OB2 region

2019 ◽  
Vol 627 ◽  
pp. A58 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Isequilla ◽  
M. Fernández-López ◽  
P. Benaglia ◽  
C. H. Ishwara-Chandra ◽  
S. del Palacio
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Ionized Gas ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Thermal Origin ◽  
Index Maps ◽  
Photoionization Rate ◽  
Gas Component

We present observations of the Cygnus OB2 region obtained with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) at frequencies of 325 and 610 MHz. In this contribution we focus on the study of proplyd-like objects (also known as free-floating evaporating gas globules or frEGGs) that typically show an extended cometary morphology. We identify eight objects previously studied at other wavelengths and derive their physical properties by obtaining their optical depth at radio-wavelengths. Using their geometry and the photoionization rate needed to produce their radio-continuum emission, we find that these sources are possibly ionized by a contribution of the stars Cyg OB2 #9 and Cyg OB2 #22. Spectral index maps of the eight frEGGs were constructed, showing a flat spectrum in radio frequencies in general. We interpret these as produced by optically thin ionized gas, although it is possible that a combination of thermal emission, not necessarily optically thin, produced by a diffuse gas component and the instrument response (which detects more diffuse emission at low frequencies) can artificially generate negative spectral indices. In particular, for the case of the Tadpole we suggest that the observed emission is not of non-thermal origin despite the presence of regions with negative spectral indices in our maps.

scholarly journals Multi-Array λ2 and 6cm Radio Continuum Observations of Sgr A West

1989 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Yusef-Zadeh ◽  
Mark Morris ◽  
Ron Ekers
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Index ◽  
Stellar Wind ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Ionized Gas ◽  
Sgr A ◽  
Index Maps ◽  
East West

Sub-arcsecond (down to 0.1″ × 0.2″) radio continuum observations using the VLA2 in a number of configurations have been carried out in order to investigate the fine-scale morphological details of the ionized gas and the distribution of spectral index along the triskelian-shaped figure of Sgr A West. In addition to finding a number of isolated patches of thermally-emitting gas and an absorbing feature at λ6cm within three arcminutes of the Galactic center, we have observed:1) radio continuum emission from IRS-7, implying that the stellar wind from this supergiant is externally ionized. An improved position for this object was obtained.2) the circular mini-cavity located along the east-west bar of Sgr A West. This feature has a diameter of 2-arcseconds and may have been created by a spherical wind, the source of which is yet to be identified; the seemingly most plausible candidate, IRS-16, is offset by 3″ from the center of the cavity.Spectral index maps having a resolution of 0.7″ × 0.3″ were made from scaled array observations at λ2cm and 6cm. They show that the eastern arm has a spectral index near −0.1, while the northern arm and the bar have positive spectral indices, indicating perhaps a partial opacity effect. The spectral index of IRS-7 is +0.6, consistent with that expected from a completely ionized stellar wind.

scholarly journals NIKA2 observations around LBV stars Emission from stars and circumstellar material

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 00023
Author(s):  
J. Ricardo Rizzo ◽  
Alessia Ritacco ◽  
Cristobal Bordiu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Core Collapse ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Ionized Gas ◽  
Dark Cloud ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Circumstellar Material ◽  
Dark Clouds ◽  
Luminous Blue Variable

Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) stars are evolved massive objects, previous to core-collapse supernova. LBVs are characterized by photometric and spectroscopic variability, produced by strong and dense winds, mass-loss events and very intense UV radiation. LBVs strongly disturb their surroundings by heating and shocking, and produce important amounts of dust. The study of the circumstellar material is therefore crucial to understand how these massive stars evolve, and also to characterize their effects onto the interstellar medium. The versatility of NIKA2 is a key in providing simultaneous observations of both the stellar continuum and the extended, circumstellar contribution. The NIKA2 frequencies (150 and 260 GHz) are in the range where thermal dust and free-free emission compete, and hence NIKA2 has the capacity to provide key information about the spatial distribution of circumstellar ionized gas, warm dust and nearby dark clouds; non-thermal emission is also possible even at these high frequencies. We show the results of the first NIKA2 survey towards five LBVs. We detected emission from four stars, three of them immersed in tenuous circumstellar material. The spectral indices show a complex distribution and allowed us to separate and characterize different components. We also found nearby dark clouds, with spectral indices typical of thermal emission from dust. Spectral indices of the detected stars are negative and hard to be explained only by free-free processes. In one of the sources, G79.29+0.46, we also found a strong correlation of the 1mm and 2mm continuum emission with respect to nested molecular shells at ≈1 pc from the LBV. The spectral index in this region clearly separates four components: the LBV star, a bubble characterized by free-free emission, and a shell interacting with a nearby infrared dark cloud.

scholarly journals Radio continuum and radio recombination line observations of the Galactic center lobe

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (S303) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Halca Nagoshi ◽  
Kenta Fujisawa ◽  
Yuzo Kubose
Keyword(s):  
Electron Temperature ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Recombination Line ◽  
Ionized Gas ◽  
Radio Recombination Line ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
The Continuum

AbstractRadio continuum (cont) and radio recombination line (RRL) observations with the Yamaguchi 32-m radio telescope toward the lower part of the Galactic center lobe (GCL) in the Galactic center region are presented. While two ridges of the GCL were seen in both continuum and RRL images, the spatial coverage of the ridges of the continuum and RRL is not coincident. We distinguish the continuum emission of the GCL into thermal and non-thermal emission by assuming an electron temperature of the ionized gas of 4370 K, estimated based on the line width (14.1 km s−1). The thermal emission was found to be located inside and surrounded by the non-thermal emission.

scholarly journals Investigation of the cosmic ray population and magnetic field strength in the halo of NGC 891

2018 ◽  
Vol 615 ◽  
pp. A98 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Mulcahy ◽  
A. Horneffer ◽  
R. Beck ◽  
M. Krause ◽  
P. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Very Large Array ◽  
Field Strengths

Context. Cosmic rays and magnetic fields play an important role for the formation and dynamics of gaseous halos of galaxies. Aims. Low-frequency radio continuum observations of edge-on galaxies are ideal to study cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) in halos via radio synchrotron emission and to measure magnetic field strengths. Spectral information can be used to test models of CRE propagation. Free–free absorption by ionized gas at low frequencies allows us to investigate the properties of the warm ionized medium in the disk. Methods. We obtained new observations of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 at 129–163 MHz with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and at 13–18 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) and combine them with recent high-resolution Very Large Array (VLA) observations at 1–2 GHz, enabling us to study the radio continuum emission over two orders of magnitude in frequency. Results. The spectrum of the integrated nonthermal flux density can be fitted by a power law with a spectral steepening towards higher frequencies or by a curved polynomial. Spectral flattening at low frequencies due to free–free absorption is detected in star-forming regions of the disk. The mean magnetic field strength in the halo is 7 ± 2 μG. The scale heights of the nonthermal halo emission at 146 MHz are larger than those at 1.5 GHz everywhere, with a mean ratio of 1.7 ± 0.3, indicating that spectral ageing of CREs is important and that diffusive propagation dominates. The halo scale heights at 146 MHz decrease with increasing magnetic field strengths which is a signature of dominating synchrotron losses of CREs. On the other hand, the spectral index between 146 MHz and 1.5 GHz linearly steepens from the disk to the halo, indicating that advection rather than diffusion is the dominating CRE transport process. This issue calls for refined modelling of CRE propagation. Conclusions. Free–free absorption is probably important at and below about 150 MHz in the disks of edge-on galaxies. To reliably separate the thermal and nonthermal emission components, to investigate spectral steepening due to CRE energy losses, and to measure magnetic field strengths in the disk and halo, wide frequency coverage and high spatial resolution are indispensable.

scholarly journals Radio Continuum Observations of the Barred Galaxy NGC 4314

1987 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 626-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. García-Barreto ◽  
P. Pişmiş
Keyword(s):  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
No Emission ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Thermal Origin ◽  
Linearly Polarized ◽  
Barred Spiral Galaxy ◽  
Compact Sources ◽  
The Continuum

VLA observations have been made of the continuum emission at 20-cm from the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4314 with an angular resolution of 3.5 arcseconds that corresponds to a linear scale of approximately 156 pc at a distance to the galaxy. This resolution was sufficient to resolve the central region into several compact sources. The radiation is linearly polarized which may indicate a non-thermal origin. No emission was detected from the extended bar to a level of 130 Jy.

Diffuse Ionized Gas in a Sample of Edge‐on Galaxies and Comparisons with Hiand Radio Continuum Emission

2000 ◽  
Vol 536 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Collins ◽  
Richard J. Rand ◽  
Nebojsa Duric ◽  
Rene A. M. Walterbos
Keyword(s):  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Ionized Gas ◽  
Diffuse Ionized Gas

scholarly journals Radio Continuum Spectra of Planetary Nebulae

Galaxies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Marcin Hajduk ◽  
Peter van Hoof ◽  
Karolina Sniadkowska ◽  
Andrzej Krankowski ◽  
Leszek Błaszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radio Emission ◽  
Planetary Nebulae ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Homogeneous Sphere ◽  
Spherical Morphology ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Source Of Information

Radio continuum emission of planetary nebulae is a rich source of information about their structure and physical parameters. Although radio emission is well studied, planetary nebulae show higher spectral indices than expected for homogeneous sphere. A few competing models exist in the literature to explain this discrepancy. We propose that it is related to non-spherical morphology of most of planetary nebulae.

scholarly journals Warped diffusive radio halo around the quiescent spiral edge-on galaxy NGC 4565

2019 ◽  
Vol 628 ◽  
pp. L3
Author(s):  
V. Heesen ◽  
L. Whitler ◽  
P. Schmidt ◽  
A. Miskolczi ◽  
S. S. Sridhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Radio Halo ◽  
Gaussian Profile ◽  
Pure Diffusion

Context. Cosmic rays play a pivotal role in launching galactic winds, particularly in quiescently star-forming galaxies where the hot gas alone is not sufficient to drive a wind. Except for the Milky Way, not much is known about the transport of cosmic rays in galaxies. Aims. In this Letter, we present low-frequency observations of the nearby edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4565 using the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR). With our deep 144 MHz observations, we obtain a clean estimate of the emission originating from old cosmic-ray electrons (CRe), which is almost free from contamination by thermal emission. Methods. We measured vertical profiles of the non-thermal radio continuum emission that we fitted with Gaussian and exponential functions. The different profile shapes correspond to 1D cosmic-ray transport models of pure diffusion and advection, respectively. Results. We detect a warp in the radio continuum that is reminiscent of the previously known H I warp. Because the warp is not seen at GHz-frequencies in the radio continuum, its minimum age must be about 100 Myr. The warp also explains the slight flaring of the thick radio disc that can otherwise be well described by a Gaussian profile with an FWHM of 65 arcsec (3.7 kpc). Conclusions. The diffusive radio halo together with the extra-planar X-ray emission may be remnants of enhanced star-forming activity in the past where the galaxy had a galactic wind, as GHz-observations indicate only a weak outflow in the last 40 Myr. NGC 4565 could be in transition from an outflow- to an inflow-dominated phase.

scholarly journals Radio continuum emission in the northern Galactic plane: Sources and spectral indices from the THOR survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 619 ◽  
pp. A124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wang ◽  
S. Bihr ◽  
M. Rugel ◽  
H. Beuther ◽  
K. G. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Spectral Indices

Context Radio continuum surveys of the Galactic plane can find and characterize H II regions, supernova remnants (SNRs), planetary nebulae (PNe), and extragalactic sources. A number of surveys at high angular resolution (≤25″) at different wavelengths exist to study the interstellar medium (ISM), but no comparable high-resolution and high-sensitivity survey exists at long radio wavelengths around 21 cm. Aims. Our goal is to investigate the 21 cm radio continuum emission in the northern Galactic plane at < 25″ resolution. Methods We observed a large percentage of the Galactic plane in the first quadrant of the Milky Way (l = 14.0−67.4° and |b| ≤ 1.25°) with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in the C-configuration covering six continuum spectral windows (SPW). These data provide a detailed view on the compact as well as extended radio emission of our Galaxy and thousands of extragalactic background sources. Results We used the BLOBCAT software and extracted 10 916 sources. After removing spurious source detections caused by the side lobes of the synthesized beam, we classified 10 387 sources as reliable detections. We smoothed the images to a common resolution of 25″ and extracted the peak flux density of each source in each SPW to determine the spectral indices α (assuming I(ν) ∝ να). By cross-matching with catalogs of H II regions, SNRs, PNe, and pulsars, we found radio counterparts for 840 H II regions, 52 SNRs, 164 PNe, and 38 pulsars. We found 79 continuum sources that are associated with X-ray sources. We identified 699 ultra-steep spectral sources (α < −1.3) that could be high-redshift galaxies. About 9000 of the sources we extracted are not classified specifically, but based on their spatial and spectral distribution, a large percentage of these are likely to be extragalactic background sources. More than 7750 sources do not have counterparts in the SIMBAD database and more than 3760 sources do not have counterparts in the NED database. Conclusions Studying the long wavelengths centimeter continuum emission and the associated spectral indices allows us to characaterize a large percentage of Galactic and extragalactic radio sources in the area of the northern inner Milky Way. This database will be extremely useful for future studies of a diverse set of astrophysical objects.

scholarly journals Radio Continuum of the Small Magellanie Cloud at Wavelengths 6 and 3·4 cm

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
RX McGee ◽  
Lynette M Newton ◽  
PW Butler
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Small Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Ionized Gas

The radio continuum at wavelength 6 cm has been surveyed in the direction of the Small Magellanic Cloud with a telescope beam of 4'�1 arc. Only 27 radio sources have been delineated in this galaxy, and details of their positions, flux densities and spectral indices are given. Some supporting observations were made of the stronger sources at 3�4 cm wavelength. The distribution of the 6 cm emission is compared with the distributions of the ionized gas and neutral hydrogen.

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