scholarly journals Characterising young visual M-dwarf binaries with near-infrared integral field spectra

2020 ◽  
Vol 642 ◽  
pp. A57
Author(s):  
Per Calissendorff ◽  
Markus Janson ◽  
Mickaël Bonnefoy
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Moving Groups ◽  
Band Spectra ◽  
The Individual ◽  
M Dwarf ◽  
Integral Field

We present the results from an integral field spectroscopy study of seven close visual binary pairs of young M-dwarf multiple systems. The target systems are part of the astrometric monitoring AstraLux programme, surveying hundreds of M-dwarf systems for multiplicity and obtaining astrometric epochs for orbital constraints. Our new VLT/SINFONI data provides resolved spectral type classifications in the J, H, and K bands for seven of these low-mass M-dwarf binaries, which we determine by comparing them to empirical templates and examining the strength of water absorption in the K band. The medium resolution K-band spectra also allows us to derive effective temperatures for the individual components. All targets in the survey display several signs of youth, and some have kinematics similar to young moving groups, or low surface gravities which we determined from measuring equivalent widths of gravity sensitive alkali lines in the J band. Resolved photometry from our targets is also compared with isochrones from theoretical evolutionary models, further implying young ages. Dynamical masses will be provided from continued monitoring of these systems, which can be seen as emblematic binary benchmarks that may be used to calibrate evolutionary models for low-mass stars in the future.

scholarly journals Dynamical masses of M-dwarf binaries in young moving groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 618 ◽  
pp. A23 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rodet ◽  
M. Bonnefoy ◽  
S. Durkan ◽  
H. Beust ◽  
A.-M. Lagrange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Type ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Mass Measurement ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Dynamical Mass ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Moving Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
M Dwarf ◽  
Dynamical Masses

Context. Evolutionary models are widely used to infer the mass of stars, brown dwarfs, and giant planets. Their predictions are thought to be less reliable at young ages (< 200 Myr) and in the low-mass regime (< 1 M⊙). GJ 2060 AB and TWA 22 AB are two rare astrometric M-dwarf binaries, respectively members of the AB Doradus (AB Dor) and Beta Pictoris (β Pic) moving groups. As their dynamical mass can be measured to within a few years, they can be used to calibrate the evolutionary tracks and set new constraints on the age of young moving groups. Aims. We provide the first dynamical mass measurement of GJ 2060 and a refined measurement of the total mass of TWA 22. We also characterize the atmospheric properties of the individual components of GJ 2060 that can be used as inputs to the evolutionary models. Methods. We used NaCo and SPHERE observations at VLT and archival Keck/NIRC2 data to complement the astrometric monitoring of the binaries. We combined the astrometry with new HARPS radial velocities (RVs) and FEROS RVs of GJ 2060. We used a Markov chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) module to estimate posteriors on the orbital parameters and dynamical masses of GJ 2060 AB and TWA 22 AB from the astrometry and RVs. Complementary data obtained with the integral field spectrograph VLT/SINFONI were gathered to extract the individual near-infrared (1.1–2.5 μm) medium-resolution (R ∼ 1500 − 2000) spectra of GJ 2060 A and B. We compared the spectra to those of known objects and to grids of BT-SETTL model spectra to infer the spectral type, bolometric luminosities, and temperatures of those objects. Results. We find a total mass of 0.18 ± 0.02 M⊙ for TWA 22, which is in good agreement with model predictions at the age of the β Pic moving group. We obtain a total mass of 1.09 ± 0.10 M⊙ for GJ 2060. We estimate a spectral type of M1 ± 0.5, L/L⊙ = −1.20 ± 0.05 dex, and Teff = 3700 ± 100 K for GJ 2060 A. The B component is a M3 ± 0.5 dwarf with L/L⊙ = −1.63 ± 0.05 dex and Teff = 3400 ± 100 K. The dynamical mass of GJ 2060 AB is inconsistent with the most recent models predictions (BCAH15, PARSEC) for an AB Dor age in the range 50–150 Myr. It is 10%–20% (1–2σ, depending on the assumed age) above the model’s predictions, corresponding to an underestimation of 0.10–0.20 M⊙. Coevality suggests a young age for the system (∼50 Myr) according to most evolutionary models. Conclusions. TWA 22 validates the predictions of recent evolutionary tracks at ∼20 Myr. On the other hand, we evidence a 1–2σ mismatch between the predicted and observed mass of GJ 2060 AB. This slight departure may indicate that one of the stars hosts a tight companion. Alternatively, this would confirm the model’s tendency to underestimate the mass of young low-mass stars.

scholarly journals The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

2018 ◽  
Vol 612 ◽  
pp. A49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Reiners ◽  
M. Zechmeister ◽  
J. A. Caballero ◽  
I. Ribas ◽  
J. C. Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Rotation Velocity ◽  
Atmospheric Models ◽  
M Dwarfs ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
M Dwarf

The CARMENES radial velocity (RV) survey is observing 324 M dwarfs to search for any orbiting planets. In this paper, we present the survey sample by publishing one CARMENES spectrum for each M dwarf. These spectra cover the wavelength range 520–1710 nm at a resolution of at least R >80 000, and we measure its RV, Hα emission, and projected rotation velocity. We present an atlas of high-resolution M-dwarf spectra and compare the spectra to atmospheric models. To quantify the RV precision that can be achieved in low-mass stars over the CARMENES wavelength range, we analyze our empirical information on the RV precision from more than 6500 observations. We compare our high-resolution M-dwarf spectra to atmospheric models where we determine the spectroscopic RV information content, Q, and signal-to-noise ratio. We find that for all M-type dwarfs, the highest RV precision can be reached in the wavelength range 700–900 nm. Observations at longer wavelengths are equally precise only at the very latest spectral types (M8 and M9). We demonstrate that in this spectroscopic range, the large amount of absorption features compensates for the intrinsic faintness of an M7 star. To reach an RV precision of 1 m s−1 in very low mass M dwarfs at longer wavelengths likely requires the use of a 10 m class telescope. For spectral types M6 and earlier, the combination of a red visual and a near-infrared spectrograph is ideal to search for low-mass planets and to distinguish between planets and stellar variability. At a 4 m class telescope, an instrument like CARMENES has the potential to push the RV precision well below the typical jitter level of 3–4 m s−1.

scholarly journals A Note about Multiple Systems of Dense Molecular Clouds

1982 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Peter Vanýsek
Keyword(s):  
Main Sequence ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Main Sequence Stars ◽  
Solar Mass ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Ob Stars ◽  
Ir Sources ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe space distribution of some small dense clouds with point-like IR sources, resembles the clustering of young OB stars. It can be assumed that such objects contain heavy obscured high-luminosity stars on the ZAMS. From the comparison of infrared and radio data it follows that in typical cases, only one B star is the source of the radiation of the cloud. The total mass of the cloud is of the order of one solar mass. If the individual fragments of the cloud are gravitationally unstable, then in the later stage of the evolution only low-mass stars are formed. One can therefore expect that young OB stars are most frequently accompanied by low-mass pre-Main Sequence stars.

scholarly journals Multi-Wavelength High-Resolution Spectroscopy for Exoplanet Detection: Motivation, Instrumentation and First Results

Geosciences ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Benatti
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Giant Planet ◽  
High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽  
M Dwarfs ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
First Results ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Rocky Planets

Exoplanet research has shown an incessant growth since the first claim of a hot giant planet around a solar-like star in the mid-1990s. Today, the new facilities are working to spot the first habitable rocky planets around low-mass stars as a forerunner for the detection of the long-awaited Sun-Earth analog system. All the achievements in this field would not have been possible without the constant development of the technology and of new methods to detect more and more challenging planets. After the consolidation of a top-level instrumentation for high-resolution spectroscopy in the visible wavelength range, a huge effort is now dedicated to reaching the same precision and accuracy in the near-infrared. Actually, observations in this range present several advantages in the search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, known to be the most favorable targets to detect possible habitable planets. They are also characterized by intense stellar activity, which hampers planet detection, but its impact on the radial velocity modulation is mitigated in the infrared. Simultaneous observations in the visible and near-infrared ranges appear to be an even more powerful technique since they provide combined and complementary information, also useful for many other exoplanetary science cases.

scholarly journals PLANETS AROUND LOW-MASS STARS (PALMS). V. AGE-DATING LOW-MASS COMPANIONS TO MEMBERS AND INTERLOPERS OF YOUNG MOVING GROUPS

2015 ◽  
Vol 806 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan P. Bowler ◽  
Evgenya L. Shkolnik ◽  
Michael C. Liu ◽  
Joshua E. Schlieder ◽  
Andrew W. Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Dating ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Moving Groups

scholarly journals Magnetic activity in the HARPS M dwarf sample

2017 ◽  
Vol 600 ◽  
pp. A13 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Astudillo-Defru ◽  
X. Delfosse ◽  
X. Bonfils ◽  
T. Forveille ◽  
C. Lovis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
M Dwarfs ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
M Dwarf ◽  
The Relationship

Context. Atmospheric magnetic fields in stars with convective envelopes heat stellar chromospheres, and thus increase the observed flux in the Ca ii H and K doublet. Starting with the historical Mount Wilson monitoring program, these two spectral lines have been widely used to trace stellar magnetic activity, and as a proxy for rotation period (Prot) and consequently for stellar age. Monitoring stellar activity has also become essential in filtering out false-positives due to magnetic activity in extra-solar planet surveys. The Ca ii emission is traditionally quantified through the R'HK-index, which compares the chromospheric flux in the doublet to the overall bolometric flux of the star. Much work has been done to characterize this index for FGK-dwarfs, but M dwarfs – the most numerous stars of the Galaxy – were left out of these analyses and no calibration of their Ca ii H and K emission to an R'HK exists to date. Aims. We set out to characterize the magnetic activity of the low- and very-low-mass stars by providing a calibration of the R'HK-index that extends to the realm of M dwarfs, and by evaluating the relationship between R'HK and the rotation period. Methods. We calibrated the bolometric and photospheric factors for M dwarfs to properly transform the S-index (which compares the flux in the Ca ii H and K lines to a close spectral continuum) into the R'HK. We monitored magnetic activity through the Ca ii H and K emission lines in the HARPS M dwarf sample. Results. The R'HK index, like the fractional X-ray luminosity LX/Lbol, shows a saturated correlation with rotation, with saturation setting in around a ten days rotation period. Above that period, slower rotators show weaker Ca ii activity, as expected. Under that period, the R'HK index saturates to approximately 10-4. Stellar mass modulates the Ca ii activity, with R'HK showing a constant basal activity above 0.6 M⊙ and then decreasing with mass between 0.6 M⊙ and the fully-convective limit of 0.35 M⊙. Short-term variability of the activity correlates with its mean level and stars with higher R'HK indexes show larger R'HK variability, as previously observed for earlier spectral types.

scholarly journals A LARGE-SCALE OPTICAL-NEAR-INFRARED SURVEY FOR BROWN DWARFS AND VERY LOW MASS STARS IN THE ORION OB1 ASSOCIATION

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Downes ◽  
César Briceño ◽  
Jesús Hernández ◽  
Nuria Calvet ◽  
Lee Hartmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brown Dwarfs ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Infrared Survey

scholarly journals The early evolution of low mass stars and brown dwarfs

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (H15) ◽  
pp. 755-755
Author(s):  
Isabelle Baraffe
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Star Formation ◽  
Brown Dwarfs ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Effects Of Rotation ◽  
Star Formation Regions

My talk will focus on the early evolution of low mass objects. I will discuss the main uncertainties on current evolutionary models and the effects of rotation, magnetic field and early accretion history on young object's structure. I will also present possible solutions to the well known spread in HRD observed in star formation regions for objects of a few Myr old.

scholarly journals Determining the Physical Properties of Very-Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the Near-Infrared

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Rice ◽  
Travis S. Barman ◽  
Ian S. McLean ◽  
L. Prato ◽  
J. Davy Kirkpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brown Dwarfs ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Low Mass

scholarly journals Mass-Luminosity Relations of Very Low Mass Stars

2003 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ségransan ◽  
X. Delfosse ◽  
T. Forveille ◽  
J.L. Beuzit ◽  
C. Perrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Optics ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Radial Velocities ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Multiple Stars ◽  
Low Mass

We present new accurate masses at the bottom of the main sequence as well as an improved empirical mass-luminosity relation for very low mass stars in the visible and near infrared. Masses were obtained by combining very accurate radial velocities and adaptive optics images of multiple stars obtained at different orbital phases.

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