scholarly journals Analysis on the characteristics of energy mix in Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Lei Xiangyang ◽  
Wu Youde
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Energy Mix ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Oil Gas

Energy has been a key factor in economic development. Myanmar has considerable indigenous energy potential, which could meet domestic demand in long term if properly managed. This paper documents the current status of energy demand and supply in Myanmar, and analyses the characteristics of energy mix, and concludes that (1) Myanmar is confronted with a pressing energy demand with the rapid development of economy; (2) Myanmar’s energy production mix is dominated by oil, gas and hydropower, and the consumption structure is dominated by biomass; (3) the shortage of energy is mostly due to its unbalanced energy mix and irrational notion for energy utilization. In order to solve the serious problems between energy demand and supply, it is necessary for Myanmar to build more responsible hydropower projects, to optimize the national grid and to make more reliable and practicable energy plans.

scholarly journals Generation, Distribution and Utilization of an Electrical Energy in Industrial and Domestic Buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-432
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Building Occupancy ◽  
Oil Gas

If we look back few years into the past, we come to know that with the rapid development of human societies, day to day modern life and smart industries, etc. becomes so hungry and greedy for electrical energy. Today, Electrical energy is being consumed by every single machine used in almost each and every application. Conventional and nonrenewable sources like coal, oil, gas, etc. have been depleting very fast, and the world should now shift more towards renewable sources like solar, wind, tidal, etc. for harnessing electricity. Electricity consumption is increased in the industrial and domestic sectors due to the increased comfort (air conditioning) requirements, increment in the usage of power-consuming devices and the sudden increment in building occupancy area. This paper shows the current status of demand and supply scenario of electrical energy in the world and India. Generation capacities as per the renewable and nonrenewable sources in India have been discussed in detail. Almost 45% share of the electrical energy consumed in the industrial or commercialized and domestic buildings is consumed for air conditioning purposes. the brief discussion is presented in this paper on the sales and distribution of the air conditioning units and future possibilities in the same field as per the sustainable development scenario.

scholarly journals Research Progress of Energy Utilization of Agricultural Waste in China: Bibliometric Analysis by Citespace

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiapei Wei ◽  
Gefu Liang ◽  
James Alex ◽  
Tongchao Zhang ◽  
Chunbo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Poultry Waste ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Research Hotspots

Energy utilization of agricultural waste, due to the depletion of petroleum resources and the continuous deterioration of the ecological environment, has become an increasingly important development area at present, with broad prospects. The Citespace software was used to systematically summarize the research hotspots, development, and frontiers of researches on the energy utilization of agricultural waste in China from 1999 to 2018. The results show that (1) the number of publications in this field has increased, which includes a steady development stage, a rapid development stage, and a fluctuation and decline stage. (2) Research hotspots focused on technology for energy utilization of agricultural waste, benefits analysis of energy utilization of agricultural waste, energy conversion and upgrading path of agricultural waste, and energy potential of agricultural waste. (3) Development of research hotspots go through five stages: “technology for energy utilization of straw and the disposal of livestock and poultry waste”, “exploration of energy utilization mode of agricultural waste and the disposal of by-product from energy utilization of agricultural waste”, “technology upgrading from agricultural waste to fuel ethanol and recycling of livestock and poultry waste”, “resource recycling of by-product from biogas ” and “energy utilization of livestock and slaughterhouse waste”. It has revealed the focus in this field was changing from planting waste to breeding waste, and from unprocessed waste to by-product from energy utilization. (4) Energy utilization of slaughterhouse waste and cow manure has started to be considered as the frontiers of researches.

scholarly journals Development of mRNA Vaccines: Scientific and Regulatory Issues

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Ivana Knezevic ◽  
Margaret A. Liu ◽  
Keith Peden ◽  
Tiequn Zhou ◽  
Hye-Na Kang
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Core Function ◽  
International Convergence ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

The global research and development of mRNA vaccines have been prodigious over the past decade, and the work in this field has been stimulated by the urgent need for rapid development of vaccines in response to an emergent disease such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, there remain gaps in our understanding of the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines, as well as their long-term performance in areas such as safety and efficacy. This paper reviews the technologies and processes used for developing mRNA prophylactic vaccines, the current status of vaccine development, and discusses the immune responses induced by mRNA vaccines. It also discusses important issues with regard to the evaluation of mRNA vaccines from regulatory perspectives. Setting global norms and standards for biologicals including vaccines to assure their quality, safety and efficacy has been a WHO mandate and a core function for more than 70 years. New initiatives are ongoing at WHO to arrive at a broad consensus to formulate international guidance on the manufacture and quality control, as well as nonclinical and clinical evaluation of mRNA vaccines, which is deemed necessary to facilitate international convergence of manufacturing and regulatory practices and provide support to National Regulatory Authorities in WHO member states.

scholarly journals The state of biomass energy in Serbia

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Ilic ◽  
Borislav Grubor ◽  
Milos Tesic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Biomass Residues ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Total Energy Balance ◽  
Policy Information

The paper presents a review of the energy potential of different types of biomass residues in agriculture and forestry, and actual state of biomass energy utilization in Serbia. The estimated values of annual energy potential are: about 1.7?10 6 toe (ton of oil equivalent) in biomass residues in agriculture, comprising crop farming, fruit growing, viniculture and stock breeding, and about 1 million toe of biomass from forestry, including different biomass residues and fuel wood. The total annual biomass energy potential of about 2.7?10 6 toe represents 40% of the total coal energy production in Serbia. Towns located in agricultural regions and in regions rich in forest can satisfy their energy demand for centralized heading systems with biomass residues from the territory of their own municipality. With appropriate energy policy, information campaign, research activities and general regulation in the field of biomass energy utilization, the share of biomass energy consumption in total energy balance can be significantly increased.

scholarly journals Renewable energy as an integral part of the Bulgarian energy mix

2021 ◽  
Vol 286 ◽  
pp. 02011
Author(s):  
Todorka Stankova ◽  
Daniela Toneva
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Energy Mix ◽  
Promotion Policy ◽  
Strategic Objective ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Key Factor

An economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions is the new EU 2050 is a main long– term strategic objective, which follows the EU RES promotion policy. Investment in renewable energy is a key factor for reduction of the conventional energy sources’ carbon footprint. The transition from conventional to green energy is an on-going process. The renewable energy becomes an integral part from the energy mix of EU countries, including Bulgaria. Current research on RES component of Bulgarian energy mix covers the period from 2007 to 2019. It reveals the internal renewable energy subsector structure. The preconditions for solar and wind energy project are analysed, together with the levels of RES energy production in Bulgaria. The Bulgaria RES sector incoherence is highlighted. Some trends of RES development in the context of gross final energy production and consumption are revealed. Some gaps in Bulgarian practices regarding RES promotion policy implementation are identified and discussed.

scholarly journals Availability of Renewable Energy Sources in Mauritania: Potential, Current Status and Mitigation Potential

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Cheikh Sidi Ethmane Kane ◽  
Labouda Ba ◽  
Gildas Tapsoba ◽  
Marie-Christine Record ◽  
Fanta Haidara
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Energy Mix

For decades, Mauritania's economy has been fueled by thermal power.  As a developing economy, Mauritania's electricity demand has long been relatively low, though it has increased recently due to economic growth, urbanization, and industrial activities. The rapid growth in demand is making the country more dependent on oil and gas-based generation power plants, which a resultant drain on the national economy. However, Mauritania has abundant renewable energy potential. the deployment of renewable energy can be an alternative solution to reduce the dependence on fossil resources. In this paper, we have reviewed the situation of the power generation sector, the potential of renewable energy, the integration of renewable energy in Mauritania's energy mix and the mitigation potential. The installed capacity in 2018 is 415.5 MW. The percentage of thermal power plants is 59.8% and 40.2% of the integrated capacity is provided by renewable energy. In 2018, the total electric power generation was 1958.5 GWh, the contribution of renewable energy was 979.75 GWh. The IPCC 2006 methodology was used to estimate GHG emissions. The results showed that the integration of renewable energy into the country's energy mix reduced emissions by approximately 212.58 Gg CO2eq.

scholarly journals Evaluation of distributional solar radiation parameters of Cacak using long-term measured global solar radiation data

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Dragicevic ◽  
Nikola Vuckovic
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Horizontal Surface ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Radiation Data

Serbia is becoming more dependent on imported primary energy to meet its increasing energy demand. The ratio of indigenous primary energy production to primary energy consumption is decreasing. Therefore, it is of great importance for Serbia to make use of its indigenous energy resources more effectively, including its solar energy potential. Knowledge of global solar radiation is essential in the prediction, study, and design of the economic viability of systems which use solar energy. In this paper, the solar radiation data on Cacak (lat 43.87?N, long 20.33?E) are analyzed based on 4 years of global solar radiation data measured on a horizontal surface. The distributional solar radiation parameters are derived from the available data and analyzed. The available solar radiation data on a horizontal surface are converted to that of various tilt angles and the yearly and monthly optimum tilt angles are determined.

scholarly journals Trendline Assessment of Solar Energy Potential in Hungary and Current Scenario of Renewable Energy in the Visegrád Countries for Future Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5462
Author(s):  
Baibhaw Kumar ◽  
Gábor Szepesi ◽  
Zsolt Čonka ◽  
Michal Kolcun ◽  
Zsolt Péter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
The Status ◽  
Solar Power Plants ◽  
Visegrád Countries

This article aims to present some opportunities for improved solar energy utilization by raising the share of renewables in energy generation in the Visegrád Countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary). The analysis is based on the status of the renewable energy targets in the member countries and their future possibilities. This paper derives input through a thorough investigation of independent data, government policies, European Commission reports, and other data available online with free access. The analysis is processed by focusing on Hungary, as a country with various possible facets of solar energy demand and supply in the region. The assessment methodology is in the context of a geographical map, technical regression analysis, temperature distribution profiles, and the relative trends of solar potential in Hungary. The country currently has ten solar power plants with more than 10 MWp, and five remarkable plants under 10 MWp capacity spread over Hungary. The analysis on geographical aspects clubbed with technical and solar affecting parameters was carried out to harvest the sustainable potential of solar energy in the region. This study attempts to establish a relationship between the current and future prospects of solar energy in Hungary as a nation, and as part of the Visegrád countries, based on assessment for a sustainable future.

scholarly journals Energy supply in Malawi: Options and issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Taulo ◽  
Kenneth Joseph Gondwe ◽  
Adoniya Ben Sebitosi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Demand Forecast ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Term Energy

Inadequate energy supply is one of the major problems confronting Malawi and limiting its social, economic and industrial development. This paper reviews the current status of energy supply and demand in Malawi; examines the major sources of energy, current exploitation status and their potential contribution to the electricity supply of the country; discusses key issues facing the energy sector; and identifies broad strategies to be implemented to tackle the energy supply challenges. Using secondary data for its critical analysis, the paper also presents modelling of long-term energy demand forecast in the economic sectors of Malawi using the Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED) for a study period from 2008-2030. Three scenarios namely reference (REF), moderate growth (MGS) and accelerated growth (AGS) were formulated to simulate possible future long-term energy demand based on socio-economic and technological development with the base year of 2008. Results from all scenarios suggest an increased energy demand in consuming sectors with biomass being a dominant energy form in household and industry sectors in the study period. Forecast results reveal that energy demand will increase at an annual growth rate of 1.2% and reach 5160 ktoe in 2030 under REF scenario. The growth rates for MGS and AGS are projected at 1.5% each reaching 4639 ktoe and 5974 ktoe in 2030, respectively. The final electricity demand of about 105 ktoe in the base year will grow annually at average rates of 13.8%, 15.3% and 12.6% for REF, AGS and MGS, respectively. Over the study period 2008-2030 the annual electricity per capita will increase from about 111 kWh to 1062, 1418 and 844 kWh for the REF, AGS and MGS, respectively. The final energy intensity will decrease continuously from about 13.71 kWh/US$ in the base year to 3.88 kWh/US$, 2.98 kWh/US$ and 5.27 kWh/US$ for the REF, AGS and MGS, respectively in the year 2030. In conclusion, the paper outlines strategies that could be utilized to ensure adequate supply of modern energy which is a key ingredient for achieving sustainable social and economic growth.

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