scholarly journals Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) for ruminant feed: quality of calcium source

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lienda A. Handojo ◽  
Antonius Indarto ◽  
Dian Shofinita ◽  
Anggina Meitha ◽  
Rakhmawati Nabila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
Active Calcium ◽  
Fat Supplements ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Calcium soap is potentially used as fat supplements for ruminants since it contains high concentration of fat and calcium that are useful for ruminants. The consumption of calcium soap may increase the yield and the fat content of milk, as well as increase the ruminant’s fertility. Calcium soap can be produced from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), which is a by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) refining process, and calcium oxide (CaO). In this study, the effect of CaO quality on the acid value of the product has been observed. It was found that the reaction with lower concentration of active calcium of CaO resulted in products with a higher acid value, which indicates a lower reaction conversion. Thus, the produced calcium soap requires further treatment in order to remove the unreacted calcium and free fatty acid. Washing with hexane followed by either vacuum or convection drying has been found to be able to reduce the acid value of the product significantly.

scholarly journals Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate for ruminant feed: Calcium oxide particles size

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Lienda Handojo ◽  
Antonius Indarto ◽  
Dian Shofinita ◽  
Muhammad Saadi ◽  
Dea Yulistia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
Ruminant Feed ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

High production of crude palm oil has led Indonesia to become one of the countries that have a large number of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in the world. As a source of fatty acid, PFAD has wide range of uses, including as a fat supplement in the ruminant feed when reacted with a calcium source such as calcium oxide (CaO). At the working temperature above PFAD’s melting point, those reactants form a homogeneous phase with the help of intensive stirring. By the presence of a small amount of water, the mixture will be saponified and become the calcium soap. This research studied how different particles sizes of CaO could influence the reaction conversions based on the acid value of the product. The CaO solid particles were sieved and separated into the different fraction of sizes (<177 μm, 177-320 μm, and 320-640 μm). Smaller particle resulted in a lower acid value which indicates a high conversion of free fatty acid and lower moisture content which is preferable for the product.

Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate for ruminant feed: Analysis of antioxidant

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lienda A. Handojo ◽  
Antonius Indarto ◽  
Dian Shofinita ◽  
Muhammad R. Saadi ◽  
Dea Yulistia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Feed Analysis ◽  
Ruminant Feed ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Investigation on Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Based Alkyd Resin and Styrene as a Coating Material

2017 ◽  
Vol 901 ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Rochmadi ◽  
Budhijanto ◽  
Mohammad Fahrurrozi ◽  
Suhandono ◽  
Febbie Setyaningrum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Phthalic Anhydride ◽  
Alkyd Resin ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Alkyd Resins ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

The Abundant production of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) can be utilized to make high value product, such as alkyd resins for coating materials. In this research, PFAD was reacted with glycerol and phthalic anhydride at various composition and temperature for 4-5 hours, employing one-step and two-step methods. The alkyd resin product was analyzed its acid value, iodine number, viscosity of 5% solution in xylene, and curing possibility with styrene monomer. The results showed that reaction temperature at 180° - 220°C influenced the acid value, but not significant for iodine number, and had no effect to molecular weight of alkyd resin product. Phthalic anhydride had more effect upon acid number than PFAD. Iodine number of the alkyd resin product was generally low, which indicated that this alkyd resin could not be used as drying oil. All alkyd resins produced either by one and two steps could only harden with 20% alkyd resin - 80% styrene using MEKP initiator. Viscosity of 5% alkyd resin solution in xylene was around 11-14 cp, independent of composition and reaction temperature.

scholarly journals Calcium soap from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) for ruminant feed: The effect of CaO quality on reaction temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 012044
Author(s):  
Lienda A. Handojo ◽  
Antonius Indarto ◽  
Dian Shofinita ◽  
Nicholas George Stanley ◽  
Karen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Ruminant Feed ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals In-vivo Test of Calcium Soap from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) in Three Cow Farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
Antonius Indarto ◽  
Lienda A. Handojo ◽  
Dian Shofinita ◽  
Muhammad R. Saadi ◽  
Dea Yulistia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate for ruminant feed: Ca(OH)2 as calcium source

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 02062
Author(s):  
Lienda A. Handojo ◽  
Antonius Indarto ◽  
Dian Shofinita ◽  
Anggina Meitha ◽  
Rakhmawati Nabila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
Soap Production ◽  
Ruminant Feed

PFAD can be utilized as raw material for producing calcium soap, a kind of ruminant feed supplement. It gives benefits to the ruminants’ health and increases the quantity and quality of cattle’s milk. This research evaluated the effect of stoichiometric mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 to PFAD and water temperature on calcium soap production using PFAD and calcium hydroxide as raw materials by applying modified fusion method. The result showed that the acid value of products decreased as the mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 to PFAD increased and the low water temperature lowered the acid value of products. The highest fatty acid conversion (98%) was achieved at the stoichiometric mole ratio of 3. However, the use of such high mole ratio is not preferable because the product will have excessive calcium, which may disturb the absorption of other minerals in ruminant’s digestion. Thus, further research related to operating condition and the use of other calcium sources in the calcium soap production is still required.

scholarly journals Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate for ruminant feed: The influence of water temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 012010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lienda A. Handojo ◽  
Antonius Indarto ◽  
Dian Shofinita ◽  
Anggina Meitha ◽  
Rakhmawati Nabila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Ruminant Feed ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate
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