Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs—Current State of Knowledge and Analytics

Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig’ exposure to mycotoxins. The most popular tool is feed analysis, which has some disadvantages, e.g., it does not include individual exposure. In recent years, the determination of biomarkers as a method to assess the exposure to mycotoxins by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices is becoming more and more popular. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reported in vivo mycotoxin absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic studies on pigs. Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone are described to select the most promising compound for analysis of porcine plasma, urine and faeces. Biomarkers occur in biological matrices at trace levels, so a very sensitive technique—tandem mass spectrometry—is commonly used for multiple biomarkers quantification. However, the sample preparation for multi-mycotoxin methods remains a challenge. Therefore, a summary of different biological samples preparation strategies is included in that paper.

Validation of Multispectral Imaging (MSI) technology for food and feed analysis

The current testing environment for food and feed samples is complex and uses a wide variety of analytical technologies that range from chemical to PCR-based. Whilst these approaches can be deemed fit for purpose in terms of their final analytical result, they tend to be highly specialised and require considerable frontend processing to ensure that the target analyte can be reliably detected and quantified. These combined sample processing and analytical requirements typically impact on testing times and have associated cost implications that must be factored into routine testing and monitoring applications. MSI uses multiple discrete and informative wavelengths covering regions such as the UV and near infra-red spectrum to quickly determine surface colour, texture and possible chemical composition. Compared to traditional molecular biology approaches utilising DNA extraction followed by PCR-based analyses, MSI can simplify and reduce the time/costs associated with sample analysis. It is rapid and non-destructive.

Biosensors for Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Determination in Feed Quality Control

Mycotoxin contamination of cereals used for feed can cause intoxication, especially in farm animals; therefore, efficient analytical tools for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic fungal metabolites in feed are required. Current trends in food/feed analysis are focusing on the application of biosensor technologies that offer fast and highly selective and sensitive detection with minimal sample treatment and reagents required. The article presents an overview of the recent progress of the development of biosensors for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone determination in cereals and feed. Novel biosensitive materials and highly sensitive detection methods applied for the sensors and the application of these sensors to food/feed products, the limit, and the time of detection are discussed.

ANALISIS USAHA BUDIDAYA KEPITING BAKAU UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN PEMBUDIDAYA TAMBAK DI KABUPATEN PANGKEP

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan input produksi terhadap hasil produksi, juga mengestimasi tingkat efisiensi penggunaan input produksi pada budidaya penggemukan kepiting bakau di Kabupaten Pangkep. Pada penelitian ini, teknik pengambilan sampel adalah sensus, yaitu petani pembudidaya penggemukan kepiting sebagai responden. Analisis data menggunakan Stochastic Production Frontier yang penyelesaiannya dengan bantuan program LIMDEP versi 6. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan dengan menggunakan fungsi produksi frontier bahwa variabel bebas yang signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap produksi kepiting adalah luas keramba, jumlah benih dan jumlah pakan. Analisis terhadap Efisiensi Teknis (ET) rata-rata sebesar 0,94986. nilai tersebut dapat dikatakan sebagai prestasi atas kinerja penggunaan input produksi yang sangat memuaskan (mendekati 1), namun disisi lain kesempatan untuk melakukan pengembangan relatif sempit sehingga perlu upaya ekstensifikasi. Nilai R/C rasio sebesar 1,9516, artinya bahwa budidaya penggemukan kepiting bakau masih menguntungkan sehingga layak untuk dikembangkan. His study aimed to analyze the effect of the use of inputs to production, also estimate the efficiency of use of production inputs in the cultivation of mangrove crab fattening in Pangkep. In this study, the sampling technique is the census that farmers crab fattening farmers as respondents. Analysis of data using Stochastic Production Frontier settlement with the help of the program LIMDEP version 6. The estimation results show using frontier production function that the independent variables were significant positive effect on the production of crab is spacious cages, seed number and amount of feed. Analysis of the Technical Efficiency (ET) by an average of 0.94986. The value can be regarded as the achievement of the performance use of production inputs very satisfying (approaching 1), but on the other hand the opportunity to develop a relatively narrow so that extending the necessary efforts. Rated R / C ratio of 1.9516, it means that the cultivation of mangrove crab fattening still profitable so as to develop.

Trends in analytical techniques for testing animal feed

The challenges for the feed analysis sector will be to ensure feed quality and safety. Innovative strategies need to be implemented to authenticate feed and feed ingredients and to check that they fulfill all labelling obligations. This chapter focusses on the authentication of feed by different but complementary analytical techniques as microscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, genomics and proteomics. For each technique, trends are presented and, in addition, some combinations of technologies are shown in order to find solutions for complex situations. Moreover, with the explosion of data provided by the different technologies, Data Science is gaining importance as well as the interest for fast, mobile and greener technologies.

Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016–2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.

Elements of cattle nutrition.

This chapter describes the digestion and absorption of nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, energy, minerals and trace elements) during the travel of food through the digestive tract; the clinical signs of nutritional disorders; feed analysis and publications on nutrient requirements for cattle.

Improving the technological support of dairy cattle breeding

The paper discusses the issues of providing the population of the Russian Federation with milk and dairy products, increasing milk production, and implementing investment projects in the industry. It is noted that the technological and technical support, as well as improving the systems of keeping, feeding and milking animals play an important role in solving problems of increasing the efficiency of dairy farming. Particular attention is paid to the introduction of innovative technologies and modern machinery at dairy farms and facilities, including equipment fitted with digital systems for collecting information about the state of animals, milk yield, milking parameters and other indicators, as well as robots. Milking installations provided by the system of machines are designed for milking cows in stalls, milking parlors, as well as in maternity wards. According to their engineering level, they must ensure the fulfillment of the physiological milk let-down requirements, the productive longevity of animals, etc. The developed artificial intelligence system allows planning the efficiency of feeding and monitoring the main processes at a dairy farm. Feed is of paramount importance in the prime cost of raw milk. The cost of feed affects the profitability of production. Spectrometers, including pocket ones, can be used for feed analysis. Improvement of technologies in dairy production will help to increase the competitiveness of the industry.