Influence of a Catalyst in Obtaining a Post-Consumer Pet-Based Alkyd Resin That Meets Circular Economy Principles

The paper studied the influence of a catalyst, comparing it with its traditional counterparts, in the process of obtaining a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based alkyd resin from post-consumer beverage bottles and how it consumes raw materials and generates waste. The resin was obtained in two phases: 1) glycerol and soybean oil alcoholysis reaction, a renewable material, for polyalcohol production, and 2) polyalcohol and polyacid esterification reaction to obtain the alkyd resin (reaction via solvent). A lithium octoate catalyst (OctLi) was used, not traditional in the alcoholysis reaction, and a fraction of the polyacid replaced by post-consumer PET at a proportion of up to 24% by weight in the esterification reaction. The OctLi catalyst caused a reaction in 30 min, compared to zinc acetate (120 min) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH, 60 min). Using post-consumer PET in obtaining the alkyd resin also decreased the esterification reaction time by 22% (8% PET), 67% (16% PET) and 72% (24% PET), compared to esterification without PET. The reaction time, considering alcoholysis with OctLi and partial esterification with PET (with 24% PET), was 180 min. Adding alcoholysis time with the LiOH catalyst and esterification without PET raises the reaction time to 600 min. Process water formed during the esterification stage declined by 15% (8% PET), 50% (16% PET) and 77% (24% PET), compared to the reaction without PET. The shorter reaction time resulted in less equipment use and consequent lower energy consumption. Another result was that the alkyd resin obtained with 8% PET was adequate for paint formulations.

Microscopic Study of Coated Carbon Fibre Reinforced Copper Matrix Composite Samples

The adhesion between the carbon fibre reinforced copper matrix composite material and the coating is of particular importance for the mechanical and functional properties of the resulting system, and also for its handling and for the lifetime of the final product. To have a better understanding of the microstructure at the interface region, three different coating processes, i.e. electroplated Nickel coating, alkyd resin coating and polyolefin coating have been carried out and compared using SEM/EDX techniques. The experimental results indicate that the electroplated Nickel coating gives the best adhesion strength at the interface, suggesting this method the most promising approach and can be further investigated for electrical and electronic engineering applications in power industry.

Identification of Coatings on Persian Lacquer Papier Mache Penboxes by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Luminescence Imaging

In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and luminescence imaging were used to identify the coatings of seven Persian lacquer papier mache penboxes, of which two were contemporary, one was from the Pahlavi era, and four belonged to the Qajar era. First, FTIR was used to identify the nature of the coating. Then, visible-induced luminescence imaging at the spectral ranges of 420–680 nm (UVL), 425–495 nm (UVIBL), and 615–645 nm (UVIRL) was performed for further examination. The FTIR results showed that the coatings were made of alkyd resin, oil-resin varnish (Kaman oil), and shellac. In visible-induced luminescence images, synthetic alkyd resin showed no fluorescence, which made it distinguishable from the natural organic coatings. While it is slightly challenging to differentiate Kaman oil from shellac based on FTIR results, these two coatings can be easily distinguished by their fluorescence in UVL and UVIBL images. The results suggest that the combined use of spectroscopy and spectral imaging methods can provide substantial information about the organic coatings of historical objects.

Eco-friendly Alkyd Resins Based on Vegetable Oil: Review

The alkyd resin industry currently needs environmentally friendly raw materials, which emphasized the aspect of sustainability. Alkyd resin is a polymer product with oil as raw material which is widely used in the paint, coating, and other industries. The abundant demand for alkyd resin has led to a diversification of the raw material for alkyd resin from vegetable oils. The advantages of vegetable oil include being a renewable energy source for industry, sustainability, biodegradability, and being environmentally friendly as important considerations for the industry in recent times. This paper examines alkyd resins derived from several vegetable oils that are environmentally friendly. Alkyd resin is prepared by alcoholysis and esterification. Based on several studies of alkyd resins, there have been many modifications to the raw materials, technology, and catalysts used which can refer to an environmentally friendly and affordable industry.Keywords: alkyd resin; biodegradability; environmentally friendly; sustainability; vegetable oilA B S T R A KIndustri polimer pada masa ini membutuhkan bahan baku yang ramah lingkungan, yang menekankan pada keberlanjutan. Alkid resin adalah salah satu produk berbasis minyak yang banyak digunakan dalam industri cat, coating, dan industri lainnya. Keberlanjutan, biodegradabilitas, dan keramahan terhadap lingkungan menjadi pertimbangan signifikan bagi industri berbasis minyak nabati dalam beberapa waktu terakhir. Di dalam naskah ini, diulas beberapa minyak nabati yang digunakan untuk memproduksi alkid resin dengan cara alkoholisis dan esterifikasi. Berdasarkan berbagai studi yang telah dilakukan, masih terdapat modifikasi dari sisi material, teknologi dan katalis agar tercipta industri yang ramah lingkungan.Kata kunci: alkid resin; biodegradabilitas; keberlanjutan; minyak nabati; ramah lingkungan

Preparation of autoxidative water-reducible alkyd resins from waste polyethylene terephthalate

In this paper, the waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was glycolysed by trimethylolpropane with zinc acetate as catalyst. The effects of different content glycolysis product of waste PET on the appearance, viscosity, particle size and molecular weight of autoxidative water-reducible alkyd resins and the corresponding film adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance, gloss, hardness and chemical resistance were studied. Meanwhile, experimental results were compared with commercial water-reducible alkyd and water-reducible alkyd without the glycolysis product of waste PET. The results show that the maximum concentration of PET in autoxidative water-reducible alkyd resins can reach 8.5 wt%, and the molecular weight, particle size and viscosity of water-reducible alkyd resin do not change much with the increase of PET concentration. The introduction of PET resulted in the viscosity of water-reducible alkyd resins being greater than that of water-reducible alkyd resin without PET; this is mainly because PET contains harder terephthalic acid monomer units. However, the particle size of water-reducible alkyd resins with waste PET is significantly lower than that of the water-reducible alkyd resin without PET; this is due to PET-free water-reducible alkyd resin containing more pentaerythritol with greater steric hindrance. In addition, the hardness of the water-reducible alkyd resin paint film (PET content is 8.5%) reaches 1H, which is higher than the hardness (HB) of the water-reducible alkyd resin paint film without PET and the commercial alkyd resin paint film, while the physical properties and chemical resistance of the former are comparable to those of the latter two kinds of paint films. Therefore, the use of waste PET in water-borne coatings systems not only reduces the cost of coatings, but also opens up a new market for recycled PET, which may contribute a promising method for management of waste PET.

Influence of TiO2 Nanocrystals on Alkyd Resin Paint Films to Protect Metals

Aim and Objectives: Nowadays, nanomaterials technology is developing very quickly and bringing high economic efficiency for many industries including paint. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of paint properties when replacing TiO2 powder coating with nano TiO2 at different ratios. Materials and Methods: The research method is selecting the traditional alkyd paint formula, then replacing this coating powder TiO2 with nano TiO2 to monitor the properties of the paint film over time. Methods of analyzing the properties of the paint film are based on Vietnam standards. Results: The study results showed that TiO2 coating powder replaced by TiO2 nanomaterials has increased the properties of the paint film, improving the thickness, gloss, and durability of the paint film. Nano TiO2 increases from 0.5% to 24% by weight, the impact increased by about 11% (73 to 82 kg.cm), Glossy 60° increased by about 12%, Glossy 85° increased by about 12%, especially the durability of paint film over time increased nearly double. Nano TiO2 is a more expensive material than TiO2, so it should replace less than 4% by weight to increase the quality of the paint film, this ratio is changed according to the actual equipment requirements. Conclusions: The higher the rate of replacing TiO2 materials with TiO2 nano, the better the properties of the paint film. Therefore, nano-material TiO2 is a good coating in alkyd resin for metal paint, it improves the properties of paint film better than TiO2 material.

Photodegradation Kinetics of Alkyd Paints: The Influence of Varying Amounts of Inorganic Pigments on the Stability of the Synthetic Binder

As the effects of climate change pose an increasing risk of damaging outdoor modern and contemporary artworks’ aesthetic appearance by affecting their mechanical properties and chemical-physical stability, understanding the degradation processes attacking these objects is becoming more and more essential to their conservation. For this purpose, the kinetics of photo-oxidation processes occurring in alkyd paints and their stability in mixtures with different inorganic pigments were investigated. The aim was to characterize the different degradation reactions over time and study the photodegradation kinetics according to different pigments and pigment/binder ratios. This paper describes the degradation behavior of artificial ultramarine blue, hydrated chromium oxide green, and cadmium sulfate yellow pigments mixed with alkyd resin and aged under simulated sunlight exposure for a total of 1,008 h. The analytical techniques used offer complementary information on the characterization of the samples and their aging. Specifically, 3D Optical Microscopy allowed studying morphological and color changes. These results were supported by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Colorimetry analyses, also focused on studying the physical and granulometric characteristics of the pigments in relation to the binder degradation. Finally, qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy. To support the obtained results, Multivariate Analysis of microscopic images was carried out with the aim of studying the degradation effects linked to color and texture changes. The obtained results demonstrate that the degradation processes of alkyd resin are influenced by the presence of the different inorganic pigments used and their concentration in the mixtures. This study should contribute as support to the field of conservation-restoration to find suitable protection strategies for paint surfaces against degradation agents.