Influence of alimentary factors on the absorption of feed nutrients and poultry productivity

The article is a summary of the literature on the main aspects of the modern bird feeding system. Theoretical aspects and results of experimental research of scientists on the substantiation of parameters of protein and amino acid nutrition are given, which is an important factor that, under appropriate conditions can significantly guarantee the realization of the genetic potential of corresponding breeds and crosses of poultry. It is shown that an important aspect of protein nutrition is the ratio of feed amino acids. Their negative interaction can be caused by a deficiency of one or more amino acids, an imbalance between them, antagonism, and toxicity. This is accompanied by effects on various physiological and biochemical processes, significantly affects appetite, intestinal absorption, renal reabsorption and transport of amino acids, their catabolism, rate of protein decomposition, synthesis, and formation of toxic metabolic products. The data show that the required level of energy for the bird's body is provided by carbohydrates (mainly of plant origin) and lipids (fat supplements of various origins). It is noted that lipids promote the absorption, transport, and deposition of fat-soluble vitamins. The effectiveness of using fat supplements as energy depends on their source. At the same time, among the indispensable nutrients that have a significant impact on growth intensity, reproductive quality, poultry productivity, and biological value of products, an important role is played by macro-and micronutrients. Many researchers emphasize that along with the use of traditional feeds in poultry feeding, the possibilities of non-traditional cereals rich in protein and lipids are not fully used. A limiting factor in their use is the presence in their composition of anti-nutrients contained in many feeds. Once in the digestive tract of animals, they negatively affect the absorption of feed nutrients. In most cases, the consumption of such feed by animals is manifested in growth retardation, increased feed consumption, hormonal effects, and, less frequently, in the dysfunction of certain organs.

Correlations between first order echotextural characteristics and chemical composition of pectoralis major muscles in broiler chickens receiving different dietary fat supplements

This study examined the quantitative relationships among ultrasonographic image attributes and chemical composition of the pectoralis major muscles in broiler chickens that received four different dietary fat supplements (Group SO: soybean oil; Group FO: flaxseed oil; Group SO+FO: soybean oil+flaxseed oil; and Group BT: beef tallow; n=10 birds/group). Ultrasonograms of birds’ pectoral muscles, in a transverse (T) and longitudinal (L) plane, were obtained just before slaughter at 6 weeks of age and were subjected to digital image analyses to determine mean pixel intensity (MPI) and pixel heterogeneity values (standard deviation of numerical pixel values; MPH; a.k.a first order echotextural characteristics). Thirty-eight chemical characteristics of the muscles were determined post-mortem (crude fat, protein, and dry matter as well as fatty acid profiles) and were analyzed for correlations with the echotextural variables. A total of 12 (L-MPI: 7; L-MPH: 4; and T-MPH: 1 correlation), 5 (L-MPI: 2; L-MPH: 2; and T-MPI: 1 correlation), 15 (L-MPI: 10; T-MPI: 4; and T-MPH: 1 correlation) and 8 (L-MPI: 2; L-MPH: 1; and TMPH: 5 correlations) significant correlations were recorded in Groups SO, FO, SO+FO and BT, respectively. When the data were pooled for all 40 birds studied, significant correlations with echotextural attributes were recorded for eighteen different chemical constituents, with the strongest overall correlation found between crude fat content and T-MPI (r=0.52, P=0.0005). In conclusion, there exists a potential application for ultrasonographic imaging in situ combined with computerized image analysis to estimate certain chemical constituents of pectoralis major muscles in broiler chickens. However, the existence and strength of correlations among ultrasonographic image attributes and muscle composition are affected by the source of dietary fat and relative abundance (“threshold concentrations”) of individual chemical components.

Effectiveness of Fat Supplements Use in Cows Diets

Цель эксперимента – проведение сравнительной оценки жировых добавок Нутракор, Нутракор 99, Энерфат, Актифат и Ультрафат 100 на показатели молочной продуктивности коров и изучение их влияния на физиологическое состояние животных, качественные и санитарные свойства получаемого молока. Исследования проведены в одном из племзаводов Тамбовской области на шести группах коров чёрно-пёстрой породы по 10 голов в каждой. В основной рацион всем животным опытных групп вводили по 300 г/гол./сут. вышеуказанных жировых добавок (кроме контрольной группы). Выявлено, что включение в рацион коров в период лактации пяти видов жировых кормовых добавок в целом оказало положительное влияние на физиологические процессы, клиническое состояние, пищеварение, продуктивность коров, физико-химические и технологические свойства молока. За 15 дней лактации у коров опытных групп среднесуточный удой составил 26,3–26,6 кг, что превышало на 1,3–1,6 кгтаковой у коров контрольной группы. Разница в процентном отношении у опытных животных по сравнению с контрольными составила от 5,2 до 6,0%. В конце опытного периода содержание жира увеличилось на 0,03% в группах, получавших жировые добавки Энерфат, Актифат и Ультрафат 100, остальные препараты способствовали увеличению количества жира в молоке на 0,01 и 0,02% по сравнению с контрольной группой. Увеличение содержания белка в молоке на 0,02% было в группе коров, получавших в рационе Нутракор 99 и Актифат. В остальных группах коров, получавших кормовые добавки, содержание белка увеличилось на 0,01%. The purpose of the experiment is to conduct a comparative assessment of fat supplements Nutrakor, Nutrakor 99, Enerfat, Aktifat and Ultrafat 100 on the indicators of milk producing ability of cows and to study their influence on the physiological condition of animals, quality and sanitary properties of the obtained milk. The researches were carried out in one of the stud farms of the Tambov region on six groups of cows of the Black and White breed 10 heads in each. In the main diet all animals of the experimental groups were added 300 g/head/day the above mentioned added fats (except for the control group). It was revealed that the inclusion of five types of fat fodder supplements in the diet of cows during lactation period in general had a positive effect on physiological processes, clinical state, digestion, milk producing ability of cows, physicochemical and technological properties of milk. For 15 days of lactation in cows of experimental groups the average daily yield was 26.3–26.6 kg, which was 1.3–1.6 kg higher than that of the cows in the control group. The percentage difference in the experimental animals compared to the control ones was 5.2 to 6.0%. At the end of the experimental period the fat content increased by 0.03% in the groups receiving fat supplements Enerfat, Aktifat and Ultrafat 100, the remaining preparations contributed to an increase in the amount of fat in milk by 0.01 and 0.02% compared to the control group. An increase of 0.02% in protein content in milk was in the group of cows fed with Nutrakor 99 and Aktifat. In the remaining groups of cows receiving feed supplements, the protein content increased by 0.01%.

Abomasally infused SFA with varying chain length differently affect milk production and composition and alter hepatic and mammary gene expression in lactating cows

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of post-ruminally infused fat supplements, varying in fatty acid (FA) chain length, on animal performance, metabolism and milk FA. Eleven multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated incomplete 3 × 3 Latin square design with 7-d periods, separated by 7-d washouts. Treatments were administered as abomasal infusions of enrichments providing 280 g/d of FA: (1) palmitic acid (98·4 % 16 : 0; PA), (2) caprylic and capric acids (56·2 % 8 : 0, 43·8 % 10 : 0; medium-chain TAG (MCT)) and (3) stearic acid (99·0 % 18 : 0; SA). Relative to PA, SA decreased the efficiency of fat-corrected milk production, which was associated with a tendency for higher DM intake and lower FA absorption with SA, whereas MCT was not different from PA for these variables. Milk fat concentration and yield were increased by PA relative to SA, but only fat yield tended to be greater relative to MCT. Relative to PA, MCT increased milk fat concentration of FA < 16 C, whereas SA increased FA > 16 C. Expression of mammary stearoyl-coA desaturase 1 was lower with SA than with PA. Relative to PA, liver expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-1 and pyruvate kinase was increased with MCT, whereas expression of these genes tended to be increased by SA. The mechanism of increased fat secretion with PA does not seem to be related to a modulation of the expression of lipogenesis-related genes, but rather to increased substrate availability as reflected by milk FA profile.

Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) for ruminant feed: quality of calcium source

Calcium soap is potentially used as fat supplements for ruminants since it contains high concentration of fat and calcium that are useful for ruminants. The consumption of calcium soap may increase the yield and the fat content of milk, as well as increase the ruminant’s fertility. Calcium soap can be produced from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), which is a by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) refining process, and calcium oxide (CaO). In this study, the effect of CaO quality on the acid value of the product has been observed. It was found that the reaction with lower concentration of active calcium of CaO resulted in products with a higher acid value, which indicates a lower reaction conversion. Thus, the produced calcium soap requires further treatment in order to remove the unreacted calcium and free fatty acid. Washing with hexane followed by either vacuum or convection drying has been found to be able to reduce the acid value of the product significantly.