Comparing Maximal Mean and Critical Speed and Metabolic Powers in Elite and Sub-elite Soccer

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
Cameron Lord ◽  
Anthony John Blazevich ◽  
Chris Richard Abbiss ◽  
Eric James Drinkwater ◽  
Fadi Ma’ayah
Keyword(s):  
Critical Speed ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Least Energy

AbstractThe quantification of maximal mean speed (MMS), maximal mean metabolic power (MMPmet), critical speed (CS) and critical metabolic power (CPmet) was conducted over full A-League (elite) and National Premier League (NPL; sub-elite) seasons. Comparisons were made between levels of soccer competition and playing positions (i. e. centre backs, full backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders and strikers). A symmetric moving average algorithm was applied to the GPS raw data using specific time windows (i. e. 1, 5, 10, 60, 300 and 600 s) and maximal values were obtained. Additionally, these maximal values were used to derive estimates of CS and CPmet. Maximal mean values, particularly during smaller time windows (i. e. 1 and 5 s), were greater in A-League match play. Only MMPmet1 was identified as being consistently different between competitions (P=<0.001–0.049) in all playing positions. Significance was only observed in CS (P=0.005) and CPmet (P=0.005) of centre backs between competitions. Centre backs were identified as the least energy demanding playing position. The present findings suggests that both maximal mean and critical analyses are suitable alternatives to common absolute distance and speed assessments of match running performance during competitive matches.

scholarly journals Reliability and Validity of Maximal Mean and Critical Speed and Metabolic Power in Australian Youth Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Cameron Lord ◽  
Anthony J. Blazevich ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss ◽  
Fadi Ma’ayah
Keyword(s):  
Critical Speed ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Absolute Agreement

AbstractThe reliability and validity of maximal mean speed (MMS), maximal mean metabolic power (MMPmet), critical speed (CS) and critical metabolic power (CPmet) were examined throughout the 2016-2017 soccer National Youth League competitions. Global positioning system (GPS) data were collected from 20 sub-elite soccer players during a battery of maximal running tests and four home matches. A symmetric moving average algorithm was applied to the instantaneous velocity data using specific time windows (1, 5, 10, 60, 300 and 600 s) and peak values were identified. Additionally, CS and CP¬met values calculated from match data were compared to CS and CPmet values determined from previously validated field tests to assess the validity of match values. Intra-class correlation (one-way random absolute agreement) scores ranged from 0.577 to 0.902 for speed, and from 0.701 to 0.863 for metabolic power values. Coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from good to moderate for speed (4-6%) and metabolic power (4-8%). Only CS and CPmet values were significantly correlated (r = 0.842; 0.700) and not statistically different (p = 0.066; 0.271) to values obtained in a shuttle-running critical test. While the present findings identified match-derived MMS, MMPmet, CS and CPmet to be reliable, only CS and CPmet derived from match play were validated to a CS field test that required changes in speed and direction rather than continuous running. This suggests that both maximal mean and critical speed and metabolic power analyses could be alternatives to absolute distance and speed in the assessment of match running performance during competitive matches.

A Reduction in Match-to-match Variability Using Maximal Mean Analyses in Sub-elite Soccer

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (05) ◽  
pp. 300-305
Author(s):  
Cameron Lord ◽  
Anthony John Blazevich ◽  
Chris Richard Abbiss ◽  
Fadi Maʼayah
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Maximal Speed ◽  
External Loads

AbstractThe match-to-match variability of external loads in National Premier League soccer competition was determined. Global positioning systems (GPS) data were collected from 20 sub-elite soccer players over 2–10 matches from a single season. Match data were collected from during one season. Twenty-six matches were recorded and 10 were utilised within final match-to-match analysis based on stringent data selection criteria. A symmetric moving average algorithm was applied to GPS data over specific time windows (1, 5, 10, 60, 300 and 600 s), and maximal speed and metabolic power values then calculated at each time interval during each match. Match-to-match coefficients of variation (CV) were greatest for sprint-speed running distance (36.3–43.6%) when comparing 2 vs. 10 matches. CVs for maximal mean speed (4.9–7.0%) and metabolic power (4.4–9.6%) ranged from good to moderate. As the variability of absolute high-speed distance values are greater, and therefore less reliable, their use as indicators of performance is reduced, suggesting that maximal mean analyses could be used as an alternative in the assessment of match running performance during competitive matches.

scholarly journals Comparison of Official and Friendly Matches through Acceleration, Deceleration and Metabolic Power Measures: A Full-Season Study in Professional Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5980
Author(s):  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Sara Mahmoudzadeh Khalili ◽  
Rafael Oliveira ◽  
Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez ◽  
Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Moderate Effect Size ◽  
High Effort

Soccer is a popular team sport and highly demanding activity that requires high effort and long-term training plans. The goals of this study were to compare the accelerations, decelerations and metabolic power between official and friendly full matches, between the first and second halves of the matches, and between both halves of official and friendly matches. Twelve professional soccer players (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg; BMI, 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) participated in this study. A total of 33 official and 10 friendly matches were analyzed from the Iranian Premier League. All matches were monitored using GPSPORTS systems Pty Ltd. The following variables were selected: total duration of the matches, metabolic power, accelerations Zone1 (<2 m·s−2) (AccZ1), accelerations Zone2 (2 to 4 m·s−2) (AccZ2), accelerations Zone3 (>4 m·s−2) (AccZ3), decelerations Zone1 (<−2 m·s−2) (DecZ1), decelerations Zone2 (−2 to −4 m·s−2) (DecZ2) and decelerations Zone3 (>−4 m·s−2) (DecZ3). The major finding was shown in metabolic power, where higher values occurred in friendly matches (p < 0.05 with small effect size). Furthermore, total duration, AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were revealed to be higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches. The second half of the official matches revealed higher values for total duration compared to friendly matches (p < 0.05, moderate effect size). In conclusion, this study observed higher values of metabolic power in friendly matches compared to official matches. AccZ3, DecZ1, DecZ2, and DecZ3 were higher in official matches, while AccZ1 and AccZ2 were higher in friendly matches.

scholarly journals The metabolic power and energetic demands of elite Gaelic football match play

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Malone ◽  
Barry Solan ◽  
Kieran Collins ◽  
Dominic Doran
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Football Match

Energetic and Metabolic Power Demands of National Rugby League Match-Play

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (07) ◽  
pp. 552-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Cummins ◽  
A. Gray ◽  
K. Shorter ◽  
M. Halaki ◽  
R. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Rugby League ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Match Play

scholarly journals Influence of the longitudinal inclination on the speed on highways

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 04007
Author(s):  
Borislav Hristov
Keyword(s):  
Moving Average ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Speed Difference ◽  
Speed Selection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Methodological Approaches

The main objective of the present paper is to investigate the influence of the longitudinal inclination of grades on the speed behavior on highways. For assessing this dependence, all uphill and downhill highway sections were considered separately in the two travel directions and the mean values of both 85th and 15th percentile speeds were calculated for each section. In order to take into account the free speed selection, all speed limited highway sections were excluded from the study. To investigate the speed changes as a function of the longitudinal inclination, the speed differences V85 between the speeds at the end and the beginning of each individual ascending and descending section were calculated as well. The dependencies were assessed also using the “moving average” over the grades. Both methodological approaches show that the magnitude of the longitudinal inclination on uphill sections has a clear influence on the speed and on the speed differences. A significant reduction of the speed and a significant increase of the speed difference were established on ascending sections with slopes over 4%. Furthermore, it was found that the length of the ascending grades also affects the speed differences ΔV85, which increase considerably on longer uphill sections.

scholarly journals Streamflow drought: implication of drought definitions and its application for drought forecasting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Sutanto ◽  
Henny A. J. Van Lanen
Keyword(s):  
Moving Average ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Streamflow Forecasting ◽  
Drought Forecasting ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Variable Threshold ◽  
Daily Streamflow ◽  
Streamflow Data ◽  
Drought Early Warning

Abstract. Streamflow drought forecasting is a key element of contemporary Drought Early Warning Systems (DEWS). The term streamflow drought forecasting, rather than streamflow forecasting, however, has created confusion within the scientific hydro-meteorological community, as well as in operational weather and water management services. The way, how streamflow drought is defined, is the main reason for this misperception. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to provide a comprehensive overview of the differences within streamflow droughts using different identification approaches for European rivers, including an analysis of both historical drought and implications of forecasting of these extreme events. Streamflow data were obtained from a LISFLOOD hydrological model forced with gridded meteorological observed (known as LISFLOOD-Simulation Forced with Observed, SFO). The same model fed with seasonal meteorological forecasts of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts system 5 (ECMWF SEAS 5) was used to obtain the forecasted streamflow. Streamflow droughts were analyzed using the Variable Threshold (VT), Fixed Threshold (FT), and the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI). Our results clearly show that streamflow droughts derived from different approaches deviate from each other both in occurrence and timing, associated with different climate regions across Europe. The occurrence of FT drought is higher than droughts based upon VT and SSI, which highlights the importance of seasonality. FT drought happens earlier in the year than droughts obtained from VT and SSI. The use of aggregating daily streamflow data into monthly time windows for forecasting drought, such as the application of 30-day Moving Average (30DMA), is recommended to identify the VT and FT droughts. This approach will eliminate the undesired minor drought events, which are identified when using non-aggregated daily flow data. There is no unique hydrological drought definition that fits all purposes, hence developers of DEWS and end-users should clearly agree among themselves upon a sharp definition on which type of streamflow drought is required to be forecasted for a specific application.

scholarly journals Temporal and spatial variations of extreme precipitation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area from 1961 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueying Zhou ◽  
Zhijian Luo ◽  
Shenlin Li ◽  
Zufa Liu ◽  
Yanpeng Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Abstract Disasters caused by extreme precipitation under global warming are anticipated to have a strong negative impact on urban construction and social security. In this study, daily grid precipitation datasets of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) for the period 1961–2018 were extracted to explore the temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme precipitation by using regression analysis, moving average and kriging interpolation. The frequency and intensity indices showed an increasing trend, whereas a decreasing trend was found for the persistence indices, which indicates that GBA tends to slowly become wetter. The mean values of extreme precipitation indices (EPIs) in GBA generally increased from west to east and from north to south. Except for the indices of consecutive wet days and consecutive dry days, other EPIs showed an upward trend in most regions, especially in coastal cities where floods are more likely to occur. Principal component analysis and regression analysis showed that the correlations between the EPIs mostly passed the 0.05 significance test, which suggests that they had a good indicator of extreme precipitation in GBA. This study provides a theoretical basis for extreme precipitation disaster prevention and control within the urban agglomerations of the GBA.

scholarly journals Physical preparation and return to sport of the football player with a tibia-fibula fracture: applying the ‘control-chaos continuum’

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Taberner ◽  
Nicol van Dyk ◽  
Tom Allen ◽  
Chris Richter ◽  
Carl Howarth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return To Sport ◽  
Football Player ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Fibula Fracture ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Traumatic Fracture ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
English Premier League ◽  
Physical Preparation

Contact in elite football can result in severe injury such as traumatic fracture. Limited information exists regarding the rehabilitation and return to sport (RTS) of these injuries especially in elite football. We outline the RTS of an elite English Premier League footballer following a tibia-fibula fracture including gym-based physical preparation and the use of ‘control-chaos continuum’ as a framework for on-pitch sport-specific conditioning, development of technical skills while returning the player to pre-injury chronic running loads considering the qualitative nature of movement in competition. Strength and power diagnostics were used to back up clinical reasoning and decision-making throughout rehabilitation and the RTS process. The player returned to full team training after 7.5 months, completed 90 min match-play after 9 months and remains injury-free 11 months post-RTS.

No Specific Time Window Distinguishes between Community-, Healthcare-, and Hospital-Acquired Bacteremia, but They Are Prognostically Robust

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1474-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Oren Gradel ◽  
Stig Lønberg Nielsen ◽  
Court Pedersen ◽  
Jenny Dahl Knudsen ◽  
Christian Østergaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roc Curve ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Prognostic Models ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Sharp Transition ◽  
Community Healthcare ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Objective.We examined whether specific time windows after hospital admission reflected a sharp transition between community and hospital acquisition of bacteremia. We further examined whether different time windows to distinguish between community acquisition, healthcare association (HCA), and hospital acquisition influenced the results of prognostic models.Design.Population-based cohort study.Setting.Hospitals in 3 areas of Denmark (2.3 million inhabitants) during 2000–2011.Methods.We computed graphs depicting proportions of males, absence of comorbidity, microorganisms, and 30-day mortality pertaining to bacteremia 0, 1, 2, …, 30, and 31 days and later after admission. Next, we assessed whether different admission (0–1, 0–2, 0–3, 0–7 days) and HCA (30, 90 days) time windows were associated with changes in odds ratio (OR) and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for 30-day mortality, adjusting for sex, age, comorbidity, and microorganisms.Results.For 56,606 bacteremic episodes, no sharp transitions were detected on a specific day after admission. Among the 8 combined time windows, ORs for 30-day mortality varied from 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–1.37) to 1.99 (95% CI, 1.48–2.67) for HCA and from 1.36 (95% CI, 1.24–1.50) to 2.53 (95% CI, 2.01–3.20) for hospital acquisition compared with community acquisition. Area under the ROC curve changed marginally from 0.684 (95% CI, 0.679–0.689) to 0.700 (95% CI, 0.695–0.705).Conclusions.No time transitions unanimously distinguished between community and hospital acquisition with regard to sex, comorbidity, or microorganisms, and no difference in 30-day mortality was seen for HCA patients in relation to a 30- or 90-day time window. ORs decreased consistently in the order of hospital acquisition, HCA, and community acquisition, regardless of time window combination, and differences in area under the ROC curve were immaterial.

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