Relationship between Trunk Muscularity and Club Head Speed in Male
                    Golfers

AbstractThis study examined how the volume of trunk muscles and its bilateral asymmetry are related to club head speed in golfers. Fourteen right-handed male golfers performed five driver shots, and the club head speed for each trial was calculated from a three-dimensional reflective marker position of the club head immediately before impact. The volume of each side of the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, lateral abdominal wall muscle, and multifidus was determined using magnetic resonance imaging. For each muscle, the ratio of the larger to smaller side in muscle volume was calculated to assess bilateral asymmetry. The club head speed correlated positively with the volume of each side of the rectus abdominis and erector spinae, left quadratus lumborum, and the asymmetric ratio of the psoas major (r=0.595–0.747), but negatively with the asymmetric ratio of the quadratus lumborum (r=−0.641). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the right erector spinae volume and the asymmetric ratio of the psoas major were significant contributors for the club head speed (R2=0.797). These results indicate that the variation in the club head speed can be strongly explained by the absolute volume and bilateral asymmetry of specific trunk muscles.

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The product of trunk muscle area and density on the CT image is a good indicator of energy expenditure in patients with or at risk for COPD

Respiratory Research ◽

10.1186/s12931-021-01621-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Toru Shirahata ◽

Hideaki Sato ◽

Sanehiro Yogi ◽

Kaiji Inoue ◽

Mamoru Niitsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Body Composition ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Trunk Muscle ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Activity Level ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Muscle Area ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Physical inactivity due to cachexia and muscle wasting is well recognized as a sign of poor prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there have been no reports on the relationship between trunk muscle measurements and energy expenditure parameters, such as the total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL), in COPD. In this study, we investigated the associations of computed tomography (CT)-derived muscle area and density measurements with clinical parameters, including TEE and PAL, in patients with or at risk for COPD, and examined whether these muscle measurements serve as an indicator of TEE and PAL. Methods The study population consisted of 36 male patients with (n = 28, stage 1–4) and at risk for (n = 8) COPD aged over 50 years. TEE was measured by the doubly labeled water method, and PAL was calculated as the TEE/basal metabolic rate estimated by the indirect method. The cross-sectional areas and densities of the pectoralis muscles, rectus abdominis muscles, and erector spinae muscles were measured. We evaluated the relationship between these muscle measurements and clinical outcomes, including body composition, lung function, muscle strength, TEE, and PAL. Results All the muscle areas were significantly associated with TEE, severity of emphysema, and body composition indices such as body mass index, fat-free mass, and trunk muscle mass. All trunk muscle densities were correlated with PAL. The product of the rectus abdominis muscle area and density showed the highest association with TEE (r = 0.732) and PAL (r = 0.578). Several trunk muscle measurements showed significant correlations with maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, indicating their roles in respiration. Conclusions CT-derived measurements for trunk muscles are helpful in evaluating physical status and function in patients with or at risk for COPD. Particularly, trunk muscle evaluation may be a useful marker reflecting TEE and PAL.

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Hip and Trunk Muscle Activity During the Star Excursion Balance Test in Healthy Adults

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2017-0145 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 682-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kunal Bhanot ◽

Navpreet Kaur ◽

Lori Thein Brody ◽

Jennifer Bridges ◽

David C. Berry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Balance ◽

Gluteus Maximus ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

Balance Test ◽

External Oblique

Context:Dynamic balance is a measure of core stability. Deficits in the dynamic balance have been related to injuries in the athletic populations. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is suggested to measure and improve dynamic balance when used as a rehabilitative tool.Objective:To determine the electromyographic activity of the hip and the trunk muscles during the SEBT.Design:Descriptive.Setting:University campus.Participants:Twenty-two healthy adults (11 males and 11 females; 23.3 [3.8] y, 170.3 [7.6] cm, 67.8 [10.3] kg, and 15.1% [5.0%] body fat).Intervention:Surface electromyographic data were collected on 22 healthy adults of the erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis bilaterally, and gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscle of the stance leg. A 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine the interaction between the percentage maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) and the reach directions. The %MVIC for each muscle was compared across the 8 reach directions using the Sidak post hoc test withαat .05.Main Outcome Measures:%MVIC.Results:Significant differences were observed for all the 8 muscles. Highest electromyographic activity was found for the tested muscles in the following reach directions—ipsilateral external oblique (44.5% [38.4%]): anterolateral; contralateral external oblique (52.3% [40.8%]): medial; ipsilateral rectus abdominis (8% [6.6%]): anterior; contralateral rectus abdominis (8% [5.3%]): anteromedial; ipsilateral erector spinae (46.4% [20.2%]): posterolateral; contralateral erector spinae (33.5% [11.3%]): posteromedial; gluteus maximus (27.4% [11.7%]): posterior; and gluteus medius (54.6% [26.1%]): medial direction.Conclusions:Trunk and hip muscle activation was direction dependent during the SEBT. This information can be used during rehabilitation of the hip and the trunk muscles.

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Interhemispheric interactions between trunk muscle representations of the primary motor cortex

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00778.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 118 (3) ◽

pp. 1488-1500 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Loyda Jean-Charles ◽

Jean-Francois Nepveu ◽

Joan E. Deffeyes ◽

Guillaume Elgbeili ◽

Numa Dancause ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Evoked Potential ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Motor Evoked Potential ◽

Lumbar Vertebra ◽

Arm Movement ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Interhemispheric Inhibition ◽

Axial Muscles ◽

The Right

Unilateral arm movements require trunk stabilization through bilateral contraction of axial muscles. Interhemispheric interactions between primary motor cortices (M1) could enable such coordinated contractions, but these mechanisms are largely unknown. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we characterized interhemispheric interactions between M1 representations of the trunk-stabilizing muscles erector spinae at the first lumbar vertebra (ES L1) during a right isometric shoulder flexion. These interactions were compared with those of the anterior deltoid (AD), the main agonist in this task, and the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). TMS over the right M1 elicited ipsilateral silent periods (iSP) in all three muscles on the right side. In ES L1, but not in AD or FDI, ipsilateral motor evoked potential (iMEP) could precede the iSP or replace it. iMEP amplitude was not significantly different whether ES L1 was used to stabilize the trunk or was voluntarily contracted. TMS at the cervicomedullary junction showed that the size of cervicomedullary evoked potential was unchanged during the iSP but increased during iMEP, suggesting that the iSP, but not the iMEP, is due to intracortical mechanisms. Using a dual-coil paradigm with two coils over the left and right M1, interhemispheric inhibition could be evoked at interstimulus intervals of 6 ms in ES L1 and 8 ms in AD and FDI. Together, these results suggest that interhemispheric inhibition is dominant when axial muscles are involved in a stabilizing task. The ipsilateral facilitation could be evoked by ipsilateral or subcortical pathways and could be used depending on the role axial muscles play in the task. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms involved in the bilateral coordination of axial muscles during unilateral arm movement are poorly understood. We thus investigated the nature of interhemispheric interactions in axial muscles during arm motor tasks in healthy subjects. By combining different methodologies, we showed that trunk muscles receive both inhibitory and facilitatory cortical outputs during activation of arm muscles. We propose that inhibition may be conveyed mainly through interhemispheric mechanisms and facilitation by subcortical mechanisms or ipsilateral pathways.

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Movement Time of Lower Trunk Muscles during Dynamic Postural Control in Response to a Sudden Visual Stimulus during Walking: A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18095015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 5015

Author(s):

Jaehyun Jung ◽

Kewwan Kim ◽

Sungjae Choi ◽

Gwangyu Song ◽

Young Ryu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postural Control ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Visual Stimulation ◽

Movement Time ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Lower Trunk ◽

The Difference ◽

Age And Sex

Postural control during walking is maintained by the combination of various factors. Among these factors, adjustment of trunk movement is essential for maintaining postural control, and the response of muscles to unpredictable stimuli affects postural control. Loss of balance while walking increases the risk of accidents, the frequency of which depends on age and sex. In this study, we investigated whether there was a difference in the movement time of trunk muscles to sudden stimulation while walking according to age and sex. Fourteen healthy individuals aged 20–30 years (6 men, 8 women) and 12 individuals aged 50–70 years (4 men, 8 women) were included in the study. Movement time of bilateral erector spinae and rectus abdominis muscles in response to visual stimulation during walking was examined using surface electromyography. Movement time was calculated as the total muscle activation time excluding the reaction time. This study revealed no significant differences in movement time of the erector spinae muscles according to sex or age. The role of the rectus abdominis muscles in maintaining posture during walking was insignificant. In conclusion, the movement time of trunk muscles in response to sudden visual stimulation during walking did not differ by age or sex, and the difference in accident frequency may be associated with deterioration of other factors required to maintain posture.

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Effects of Static, Stationary, and Traveling Trunk Exercises on Muscle Activation

International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science ◽

10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.5n.4p.26 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Darien T. Pyka ◽

Pablo B. Costa ◽

Jared W. Coburn ◽

Lee E. Brown

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activation ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Random Order ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Allied Health Professionals ◽

External Oblique

Background: A new fitness trend incorporates stability exercises that challenges trunk muscles and introduces crawling as an exercise, but has yet to be investigated for muscle activity. Purpose: To compare the effects of static (STA), stationary (STN), and traveling (TRV) trunk exercises on muscle activation of the rectus abdominis, rectus femoris, external oblique, and erector spinae using surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: Seventeen recreationally active women (mean age ± SD = 22.4 ± 2.4 years, body mass 62.9 ± 6.9 kg, height 165.1 ± 5.8 cm) and twenty-three men (23.6 ±3.9 years, 83.2 ±17.1 kg, 177.1 ± 9.1 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects performed maximal voluntary contractions for normalization of each muscle’s EMG activity. They then performed the three exercises in random order for thirty seconds each with a two-minute rest in between. Results: For the rectus abdominis, STA was significantly lower than STN (P = 0.003) and TRV (P = 0.001). For the external oblique, STA was significantly lower than STN (P = 0.001) and TRV (P = 0.001) and STN was significantly greater than TRV (P = 0.009). For the erector spinae and rectus femoris, STA was significantly lower than STN (P = 0.001) and TRV (P = 0.001) Conclusions: There was greater muscle activation in all muscles tested in the stationary and traveling exercises versus the static. Strength and conditioning coaches and allied health professionals could potentially use stationary and traveling forms of trunk stabilization exercises as a viable strategy to increase muscle activation.

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TRUNK MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN CHILDREN WITH SPASTIC DIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY USING A HIPPOTHERAPY SIMULATOR

Journal of Musculoskeletal Research ◽

10.1142/s0218957718500045 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (01) ◽

pp. 1850004

Author(s):

Aaron M. Flanagan ◽

Xue-Cheng Liu ◽

Steve Cope

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Latissimus Dorsi ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Outcome Measurement ◽

Trunk Muscle ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Right

Purpose: To determine if there is a difference in trunk muscle activation in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) compared to typically developing (TD) children while being held in different positions on a hippotherapy simulator. Methods: Five children with spastic diplegic CP and five TD children of similar age were recruited through the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin. The participants were held in static positions sitting on a hippotherapy simulator at 10[Formula: see text], 15[Formula: see text], and 20[Formula: see text] from the midline to front, back, and side positions. Surface electromyography (sEMG) data were collected from the left and right latissimus dorsi, hip adductor, middle trapezius, and rectus abdominis muscles. The pooled mean sEMG amplitude, at each position, served as the main outcome measurement. Results: The forward position at 20[Formula: see text] for the left and right lower rectus abdominis and right middle trapezius muscles had an effect size of [Formula: see text]. This was also evident in the right middle trapezius at 10[Formula: see text] in the forward and left tilted positions, and in the right latissimus dorsi at the 10[Formula: see text] left tilted position. Conclusion: Different sEMG in the abdominal, middle trapezius, and latissimus dorsi muscles in children with spastic diplegic CP suggests that utilizing a trunk position of different angles may improve the current therapeutic methods in the recruitment of trunk muscles.

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Trunk Muscle Activation While Resisting Asymmetrically Applied Loads in an Axially Rotated Posture

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129203601024 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 752-756

Author(s):

Steven A. Lavender ◽

Yang-Hwei Tsuang ◽

Gunnar B.J. Andersson

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activation ◽

Surface Emg ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Rectus Abdominus ◽

Left And Right ◽

External Oblique ◽

The Right ◽

Main Effects ◽

Univariate Analyses

The present investigation describes the electromyographic (EMG) response of eight trunk muscles during the application of loads to the torso while subjects maintained a twisted posture. The external moments of 20 and 40 Nm were applied to a harness system as each of the 10 subjects twisted 25 degrees. The applied moment direction was varied in 3 0 degree increments completely around the subjects (0 to 33 0 degrees). Surface EMG was used to monitor the left and right Latissimus Dorsi, Erector Spinae, External Oblique, and Rectus Abdominus. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance (MANOVA and ANOVA) procedures showed significant main effects for all muscles and a significant moment magnitude by moment direction interaction effect in 6 of the 8 muscles. The greatest muscle activity was observed in the right Erector Spinae and the left External Oblique muscles. The results are also compared with an earlier study in which a similar loading paradigm was used as subject maintained a neutral upright posture.

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Effects of kinesio taping on neck-shoulder discomfort and EMG responses during smartphone texting in healthy young adults

Work ◽

10.3233/wor-203336 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 847-854

Author(s):

Pattanasin Areeudomwong ◽

Wasuphol Bootsast ◽

Chalalai Thapthimthong ◽

Patchareeporn Manop ◽

Vitsarut Buttagat

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Median Frequency ◽

Mean Square ◽

Serratus Anterior ◽

Kinesio Taping ◽

Lower Trapezius ◽

The Right

BACKGROUND: While kinesio taping (KT) is used in several clinical settings to correct posture and reduce pain, KT effects during smartphone texting are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects among healthy young adults of KT on neck-shoulder discomfort and electromyographic (EMG) responses of neck and upper trunk muscles during smartphone texting. METHODS: Twenty-four participants performed a 30-minute texting task on a smartphone using both hands at two separate times under one of two conditions: KT on the right shoulder and no taping. Neck-shoulder discomfort was assessed, along with the normalized root mean square (NRMS) and normalized median frequency (NMF) of the right cervical erector spinae (CES), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA). RESULTS: Compared to baseline, both groups had significantly greater neck-shoulder discomfort, and NRMS and NMF of all muscles (p < 0.001) after performing a 30-minute texting task. Comparing between groups, the KT group experienced significantly less neck-shoulder discomfort, and demonstrated delayed deterioration of NRMS and NMF of right CES and LT muscles (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: During smartphone texting, KT on the shoulder decreased neck-shoulder discomfort and delayed reduction of activation and fatigue of neck and upper trunk muscles among healthy young adults.

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Evaluation of trunk muscle activities in response to three breastfeeding positions utilised by women

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-200018 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Ojukwu Chidiebele Petronilla ◽

Ezeukwu Obinna Antoninius ◽

Anih Chinagozim Faith ◽

Okemuo Adaora Justina ◽

Ezugwu Uchechukwu Anthonia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Activity Levels ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Alpha Level ◽

Nursing Mothers ◽

External Oblique ◽

The Right

BACKGROUND: High prevalence of breastfeeding (BF)-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in nursing mothers have been reported in previous studies. Studies are scarce on the biomechanical effects of the commonly utilized BF positions. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the electromyographic (EMG) activities of the trunk muscles in response to three BF positions commonly utilized by mothers globally. METHODS: 20 non-pregnant nulliparous females participated in this experimental study. EMG activities from erector spinae (ES) and external oblique (EO) muscles were recorded bilaterally in three BF conditions: cradle (C1); cross-cradle (C2); football (FB). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance with alpha level set at 0.05. RESULTS: The activity levels of right EO and ES muscles significantly increased during the C2 hold, while the left EO and ES muscles revealed significantly higher EMG levels in the C1 trial. Asymmetrical activity between the right and the left parts of the EO muscle was significantly higher during the C2 hold. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that compared to C2 and C1 holds, FB hold may be more biomechanically efficient relative to its decreased muscular demands. The physical stresses associated with BF may be higher with the adoption of C2 and C1 holds, especially for prolonged periods.

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