scholarly journals Exploiting context-dependent preferences to protect borrowers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Dezső ◽  
Barna Bakó ◽  
Gábor Neszveda
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Choice Set

AbstractFocusing bias is one of the key contributors to over-borrowing. It describes how people, when making choices, give disproportionate attention and weight to attributes in which their options differ more. In a loan decision, a consumer excessively focuses on the eye-catching difference between getting the loan and not getting it, while ignoring the smaller differences between making and not making repayments. Here, we show a simple trick that nudges the consumer to increase attention on the repayment dimension. In two experimental studies involving one hypothetical loan decision, we demonstrate that the salience of getting the loan can be decreased if one offered plan includes high initial installments. This steeply decreasing installment plan (i.e., with initially high installments that decrease over time) offered alongside the usual flat installments plan (i.e., with equally sized repayments through the whole term) increases consumers’ attention to making repayments, and consequently, they attend less to obtaining the loan. When the choice set includes the steeply decreasing plan, we observe a decreased preference for the flat installment plan and a shift toward not borrowing. Additionally, making repayments on the loan is perceived as a greater burden, and more attention is given to making repayments when the steep plan is present. Policy may combat harmful loan consumption by prescribing the presentation of loan offers such that at least one option includes high initial repayments, which increases attention on making repayments.

Advertising in disguise? How disclosure and content features influence the effects of native advertising

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-324
Author(s):  
Johannes Beckert ◽  
Thomas Koch ◽  
Benno Viererbl ◽  
Nora Denner ◽  
Christina Peter
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Brand Attitudes ◽  
News Websites ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Message Sidedness ◽  
Over Time

AbstractNative advertising has recently become a prominent buzzword for advertisers and publishers alike. It describes advertising formats which closely adapt their form and style to the editorial environment they appear in, intending to hide the commercial character of these ads. In two experimental studies, we test how advertising disclosures in native ads on news websites affect recipients’ attitudes towards a promoted brand in a short and long-term perspective. In addition, we explore persuasion through certain content features (i. e., message sidedness and use of exemplars) and how they affect disclosure effects. Results show that disclosures increase perceived persuasive intent but do not necessarily decrease brand attitudes. However, disclosure effects do not persist over time and remain unaffected by content features.

scholarly journals Self-organizing dominance hierarchies in a wild primate population

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1814) ◽  
pp. 20151512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Franz ◽  
Emily McLean ◽  
Jenny Tung ◽  
Jeanne Altmann ◽  
Susan C. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Winner And Loser Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time

Linear dominance hierarchies, which are common in social animals, can profoundly influence access to limited resources, reproductive opportunities and health. In spite of their importance, the mechanisms that govern the dynamics of such hierarchies remain unclear. Two hypotheses explain how linear hierarchies might emerge and change over time. The ‘prior attributes hypothesis’ posits that individual differences in fighting ability directly determine dominance ranks. By contrast, the ‘social dynamics hypothesis’ posits that dominance ranks emerge from social self-organization dynamics such as winner and loser effects. While the prior attributes hypothesis is well supported in the literature, current support for the social dynamics hypothesis is limited to experimental studies that artificially eliminate or minimize individual differences in fighting abilities. Here, we present the first evidence supporting the social dynamics hypothesis in a wild population. Specifically, we test for winner and loser effects on male hierarchy dynamics in wild baboons, using a novel statistical approach based on the Elo rating method for cardinal rank assignment, which enables the detection of winner and loser effects in uncontrolled group settings. Our results demonstrate (i) the presence of winner and loser effects, and (ii) that individual susceptibility to such effects may have a genetic basis. Taken together, our results show that both social self-organization dynamics and prior attributes can combine to influence hierarchy dynamics even when agonistic interactions are strongly influenced by differences in individual attributes. We hypothesize that, despite variation in individual attributes, winner and loser effects exist (i) because these effects could be particularly beneficial when fighting abilities in other group members change over time, and (ii) because the coevolution of prior attributes and winner and loser effects maintains a balance of both effects.

scholarly journals Retrospective Review of the Drop in Observer Detection Performance Over Time in Lesion-enriched Experimental Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sian Taylor-Phillips ◽  
Markus C. Elze ◽  
Elizabeth A. Krupinski ◽  
Kathryn Dennick ◽  
Alastair G. Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Time-resolved mapping of genetic interactions to model rewiring of signaling pathways

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Heigwer ◽  
Christian Scheeder ◽  
Thilo Miersch ◽  
Barbara Schmitt ◽  
Claudia Blass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Ras Signaling ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
External Stresses ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Multiple Time Points ◽  
Over Time

AbstractContext-dependent changes in genetic vulnerabilities are important to understand the wiring of cellular pathways and variations in different environmental conditions. However, methodological frameworks to investigate the plasticity of genetic networks over time or in response to external stresses are lacking. To analyze the plasticity of genetic interactions, we performed an arrayed combinatorial RNAi screen in Drosophila cells at multiple time points and after pharmacological inhibition of Ras signaling activity. Using an image-based morphology assay to capture a broad range of phenotypes, we assessed the effect of 12768 pairwise RNAi perturbations in six different conditions. We found that genetic interactions form in different trajectories and developed an algorithm, termed MODIFI, to analyze how genetic interactions rewire over time. Using this framework, we identified more statistically significant interactions compared to endpoints assays and further observed several examples of context-dependent crosstalk between signaling pathways such as an interaction between Ras and Rel which is dependent on MEK activity.

scholarly journals The impact of dynamic status changes within competitive rank-ordered hierarchies

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (46) ◽  
pp. 23011-23020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant Kakkar ◽  
Niro Sivanathan ◽  
Nathan C. Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Inherent Feature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Threat ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Positive Projection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Jockeying and competing for higher status is an inherent feature of rank-ordered hierarchies. Despite theoretically acknowledging rank changes within hierarchies, the extant literature has ignored the role of competitors’ dynamic movements on a focal actor’s resulting behavior. By using a dynamic lens to examine these movement in competitive situations, we examine how positive change in a competitor’s rank—that is, positive status momentum—affects a focal actor’s psychology and resulting performance. We consider the real-world contexts of 5.2 million observations of chess tournaments and 117,762 observations of professional tennis players and find that a focal actor’s performance in both cognitive and physical competitions is negatively impacted when facing a competitor with positive momentum. Additionally, 4 experimental studies reveal that a competitor’s positive momentum results in the focal actor’s positive projection of the competitor’s future rank, which, in turn, increases the psychological threat for the actor. Collectively, our findings advance the social hierarchy literature by helping to elucidate the manner in which rank-ordered hierarchies are negotiated and disrupted over time.

scholarly journals Neurostimulation Reveals Context-Dependent Arbitration Between Model-Based and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 4850-4862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Weissengruber ◽  
Sang Wan Lee ◽  
John P O’Doherty ◽  
Christian C Ruff
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Control Behavior ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Environmental Demands

Abstract While it is established that humans use model-based (MB) and model-free (MF) reinforcement learning in a complementary fashion, much less is known about how the brain determines which of these systems should control behavior at any given moment. Here we provide causal evidence for a neural mechanism that acts as a context-dependent arbitrator between both systems. We applied excitatory and inhibitory transcranial direct current stimulation over a region of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex previously found to encode the reliability of both learning systems. The opposing neural interventions resulted in a bidirectional shift of control between MB and MF learning. Stimulation also affected the sensitivity of the arbitration mechanism itself, as it changed how often subjects switched between the dominant system over time. Both of these effects depended on varying task contexts that either favored MB or MF control, indicating that this arbitration mechanism is not context-invariant but flexibly incorporates information about current environmental demands.

Social world interactions: how company connects to paranoia

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Collip ◽  
M. Oorschot ◽  
V. Thewissen ◽  
J. Van Os ◽  
R. Bentall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Social World ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Context Dependent

BackgroundExperimental studies have indicated that social contact, even when it is neutral, triggers paranoid thinking in people who score high on clinical or subclinical paranoia. We investigated whether contextual variables are predictive of momentary increases in the intensity of paranoid thinking in a sample of participants ranging across a psychometric paranoia continuum.MethodThe sample (n=154) consisted of 30 currently paranoid patients, 34 currently non-paranoid patients, 15 remitted psychotic patients, 38 high-schizotypy participants, and 37 control subjects. Based on their total score on Fenigstein's Paranoia Scale (PS), three groups with different degrees of paranoia were defined. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM), a structured diary technique, was used to assess momentary social context, perceived social threat and paranoia in daily life.ResultsThere were differences in the effect of social company on momentary levels of paranoia and perceived social threat across the range of trait paranoia. The low and medium paranoia groups reported higher levels of perceived social threat when they were with less-familiar compared to familiar individuals. The medium paranoia group reported more paranoia in less-familiar company. The high paranoia group reported no difference in the perception of social threat or momentary paranoia between familiar and unfamiliar contacts.ConclusionsParanoid thinking is context dependent in individuals with medium or at-risk levels of trait paranoia. Perceived social threat seems to be context dependent in the low paranoia group. However, at high levels of trait paranoia, momentary paranoia and momentary perceived social threat become autonomous and independent of social reality.

scholarly journals For Your Eyes Only: A Field Experiment on Nudging Hygienic Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Mobekk ◽  
Dag Olav Hessen ◽  
Asle Fagerstrøm ◽  
Hanne Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Hygienic Behavior ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Hygiene Compliance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

These days many gyms and fitness centers are closed to reduce transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in society. The gym is an environment rich in microorganisms, and careful hygiene is a necessity to keep infections at bay. Exercise centers strive for better hygiene compliance among their members. This effort has become essential in light of the current pandemic. Several experimental studies show that others’ physical presence, or the “illusion” of being watched, may alter behavior. This article reports on a natural field experiment testing one specific social nudge intended to increase gym members’ hygienic behavior. The study was conducted before the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. A picture of “observing eyes” was attached to paper dispensers and cleanser spray bottles at two different gyms in Norway. A reversal design, also called an ABA design, with and without the nudge’s presence, was used to investigate the impact on gym members’ hygienic behavior. A follow-up study was conducted in one of the centers to investigate whether the nudge stimuli would function over time. The study included 254 individual choice situations during nine observation sessions conducted over 9 weeks. The results from both centers provide evidence of a strong effect of the nudge. However, the effect decreased during the follow-up study. These findings support previous research indicating that human behavior is influenced by the presence of implicit observation cues – in this case – observing eyes. However, insights into the long-term effect of implicit observation cues are still needed since the salience of the stimuli faded over time.

The Evolution of Mutualistic Dependence

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 409-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Chomicki ◽  
E. Toby Kiers ◽  
Susanne S. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Context Dependence ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

While the importance of mutualisms across the tree of life is recognized, it is not understood why some organisms evolve high levels of dependence on mutualistic partnerships, while other species remain autonomous or retain or regain minimal dependence on partners. We identify four main pathways leading to the evolution of mutualistic dependence. Then, we evaluate current evidence for three predictions: ( a) Mutualisms with different levels of dependence have distinct stabilizing mechanisms against exploitation and cheating, ( b) less dependent mutualists will return to autonomy more often than those that are highly dependent, and ( c) obligate mutualisms should be less context dependent than facultative ones. Although we find evidence supporting all three predictions, we stress that mutualistic partners follow diverse paths toward—and away from—dependence. We also highlight the need to better examine asymmetry in partner dependence. Recognizing how variation in dependence influences the stability, breakdown, and context dependence of mutualisms generates new hypotheses regarding how and why the benefits of mutualistic partnerships differ over time and space.

scholarly journals Predicting plasticity: acute context-dependent changes to vocal performance predict long-term age-dependent changes

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 2328-2339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan S. James ◽  
Jon T. Sakata
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Vocal Plasticity ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Understanding the factors that predict and guide variation in behavioral change can lend insight into mechanisms of motor plasticity and individual differences in behavior. The performance of adult birdsong changes with age in a manner that is similar to rapid context-dependent changes to song. To reveal mechanisms of vocal plasticity, we analyzed the degree to which variation in the direction and magnitude of age-dependent changes to Bengalese finch song could be predicted by variation in context-dependent changes. Using a repeated-measures design, we found that variation in age-dependent changes to the timing, sequencing, and structure of vocal elements (“syllables”) was significantly predicted by variation in context-dependent changes. In particular, the degree to which the duration of intersyllable gaps, syllable sequencing at branch points, and fundamental frequency of syllables within spontaneous [undirected (UD)] songs changed over time was correlated with the degree to which these features changed from UD song to female-directed (FD) song in young-adult finches (FDyoung). As such, the structure of some temporal features of UD songs converged over time onto the structure of FDyoung songs. This convergence suggested that the FDyoung song could serve as a stable target for vocal motor plasticity. Consequently, we analyzed the stability of FD song and found that the temporal structure of FD song changed significantly over time in a manner similar to UD song. Because FD song is considered a state of heightened performance, these data suggest that age-dependent changes could reflect practice-related improvements in vocal motor performance.

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