Investigating the Cost-Benefit Trade-Off of Additional Planning Using Parade Game Simulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 04017066 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Alireza Abbasian-Hosseini ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Gregery Howell
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Game Simulation ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Understanding and Encouraging Online Reviewing With a Selection-Based Review System

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-464
Author(s):  
Rowanne Fleck ◽  
Benjamin R Cowan ◽  
Eirini Darmanin ◽  
Yixin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Review System ◽  
Personal View ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Consumer Reviews ◽  
Online Consumer Reviews ◽  
Mobile Interface ◽  
Online Consumer ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Online consumer reviews are important for people wishing to make purchases online. However, not everyone contributes online reviews. This paper looks at consumer motivations of reviewing and rating behaviour in order to motivate the design of a mobile interface for online reviewing. An interview study found that people tend to contribute reviews and ratings based on their perception of whether they would be helpful or not to others as well as their own personal view of the usefulness of reviews and ratings when buying products. There also seems to be a cost-benefit trade-off that influences people’s decisions to review and rate: people tend to make a decision based on the perceived value of that review or rating to the community against the effort and costs of contributing. A mobile interface was designed that was intended both to reduce the cost of leaving reviews and to increase the perception of the usefulness of the reviews to others. An initial evaluation of this reviewing interface suggests that it could encourage more people to leave reviews.

Exploring the Culture of Surveillance: A Qualitative Study in Portugal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Délcio Faustino ◽  
Maria João Simões
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Surveillance Culture ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subjective Meanings

By following the theoretical framework of the surveillance culture this article aims to detail the surveillance imaginaries and practices that individuals have, capturing differences and social inequalities among respondents. We present an in-depth look into surveillance awareness, exploring subjective meanings and the varying awareness regarding commercial, governmental, and lateral surveillance. Furthermore, a detailed analysis is made on how individuals sometimes welcome surveillance, expanding on the cost-benefit trade-off, and detailing it on three distinct trade-offs: the privacy vs. commercial gains/rewards, the privacy vs. convenience and, the privacy vs. security. Lastly, we present a section that explores and analyzes resistance to surveillance.

scholarly journals Cheaper is not always worse: strongly protective isolates of a defensive symbiont are less costly to the aphid host

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1799) ◽  
pp. 20142333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Cayetano ◽  
Lukas Rothacher ◽  
Jean-Christophe Simon ◽  
Christoph Vorburger
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Strain Variation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Black Bean ◽  
Defensive Symbiosis ◽  
Hamiltonella Defensa ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aphid Host

Defences against parasites are typically associated with costs to the host that contribute to the maintenance of variation in resistance. This also applies to the defence provided by the facultative bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which protects its aphid hosts against parasitoid wasps while imposing life-history costs. To investigate the cost–benefit relationship within protected hosts, we introduced multiple isolates of H. defensa to the same genetic backgrounds of black bean aphids, Aphis fabae , and we quantified the protection against their parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum as well as the costs to the host (reduced lifespan and reproduction) in the absence of parasitoids. Surprisingly, we observed the opposite of a trade-off. Strongly protective isolates of H. defensa reduced lifespan and lifetime reproduction of unparasitized aphids to a lesser extent than weakly protective isolates. This finding has important implications for the evolution of defensive symbiosis and highlights the need for a better understanding of how strain variation in protective symbionts is maintained.

scholarly journals Differential Contribution of Dopaminergic Transmission at D1- and D2-like Receptors to Cost/Benefit Evaluation for Motivation in Monkeys

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Hori ◽  
Yuji Nagai ◽  
Koki Mimura ◽  
Tetsuya Suhara ◽  
Makoto Higuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
R And D ◽  
Benefit Evaluation ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Reward Amount ◽  
Fundamental Insight ◽  
The Cost

AbstractIt has been widely accepted that dopamine (DA) plays a major role in motivation, yet the specific contribution of DA signaling at D1-like receptor (D1R) and D2-like receptor (D2R) to cost-benefit trade-off remains unclear. Here, by combining pharmacological manipulation of DA receptors (DARs) and positron emission tomography imaging, we assessed the relationship between the degree of D1R/D2R blockade and changes in benefit- and cost-based motivation for goal-directed behavior of macaque monkeys. We found that the degree of blockade of either D1R or D2R was associated with a reduction of relative incentive effect of reward amount, where D2R blockade had a stronger effect. Workload-discounting was selectively increased by D2R antagonism, whereas delay-discounting was similarly increased after D1R and D2R blockades. These results provide fundamental insight into the specific actions of DARs in the regulation of the cost/benefit trade-off and important implications for motivational alterations in both neurological and psychiatric disorders.

A Study on Collaborative Design Considering Features of Design

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Miyashita ◽  
Hiroshi Yamakawa
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Design ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Design System ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cam Software

In design processes of machinery, much computer software, for examples CAD/CAE/CAM software, are used. The design processes are aided by this software. The seamless connections of the design processes are necessary for the improvement of the cost benefit of the products. However, sometimes, the conflicts among designs or design processes are occurred by the change of the design at a certain design process and these conflicts are should be noticed and solved immediately. In this research, we have developed the design system including CAD software and the developed system has some functions to find the conflicts of the change of designs and to solve the conflicts. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to calculate the efficiency of the design and Satisficing Trade-off Method (STM) to find and solve the conflicts. We have confirmed through some fundamental numerical examples and discussed of the proposed system and method and showed the effectiveness of out study.

scholarly journals Trade-off Investment between Tonic Immobility and Mate Search in the Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Haoyong Ouyang ◽  
Pengxiang Wu ◽  
Runzhi Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Haseeb
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Sweetpotato Weevil ◽  
Cylas Formicarius ◽  
Mate Search ◽  
Virgin Male ◽  
Male Mate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Tonic immobility (TI) is a well-known anti-predator strategy adopted by diverse preys. Numerous studies on the cost–benefit involve in TI have been reported. Although, some studies have reported the effect of mating behavior on TI, few studies highlight the phases of mate search. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between mate search and TI behavior in the sweetpotato weevil (SPW), Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). First, we found the most active mate search period of male SPW within 24 h. Then, we measured whether the duration of TI of virgin male and female were affected during the mate search. In the end, the Y-tube olfactometer was used to compare the duration of mate search and the proportion of orientation towards the females in two artificial selection groups of the male SPW with longer and shorter duration of TI. Our study confirmed that male mate searching increase after 3 h at night, and up to 73% at midnight, TI was affected by mate search in male, because the duration of TI of the male during mate search (Mean ± SE = 214.53 ± 22.74 s) was significantly shorter duration than the control (679.64 ± 69.77 s). However, mate search did not affect the strength of TI in the females tested. This study determined that mate search was affected by TI due to males from the group with shorter duration of TI who had 28% higher proportion of orientation towards the females than the males with longer duration of TI. Investment trade-off between TI and mate search was confirmed in the males of the SPW.

scholarly journals Army ants dynamically adjust living bridges in response to a cost–benefit trade-off

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (49) ◽  
pp. 15113-15118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. Reid ◽  
Matthew J. Lutz ◽  
Scott Powell ◽  
Albert B. Kao ◽  
Iain D. Couzin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Army Ants ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Social ◽  
Foraging Trail ◽  
Change Position ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Environmental Geometry ◽  
Geometric Relationship

The ability of individual animals to create functional structures by joining together is rare and confined to the social insects. Army ants (Eciton) form collective assemblages out of their own bodies to perform a variety of functions that benefit the entire colony. Here we examine ‟bridges” of linked individuals that are constructed to span gaps in the colony’s foraging trail. How these living structures adjust themselves to varied and changing conditions remains poorly understood. Our field experiments show that the ants continuously modify their bridges, such that these structures lengthen, widen, and change position in response to traffic levels and environmental geometry. Ants initiate bridges where their path deviates from their incoming direction and move the bridges over time to create shortcuts over large gaps. The final position of the structure depended on the intensity of the traffic and the extent of path deviation and was influenced by a cost–benefit trade-off at the colony level, where the benefit of increased foraging trail efficiency was balanced by the cost of removing workers from the foraging pool to form the structure. To examine this trade-off, we quantified the geometric relationship between costs and benefits revealed by our experiments. We then constructed a model to determine the bridge location that maximized foraging rate, which qualitatively matched the observed movement of bridges. Our results highlight how animal self-assemblages can be dynamically modified in response to a group-level cost–benefit trade-off, without any individual unit’s having information on global benefits or costs.

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